(ARTIKEL INI DICABUT-RETRACTED) Mesopotamia dan Mesir Kuno: Awal Peradaban Dunia (ARTIKEL INI DICABUT-RETRACTED)

Authors

  • Nuraini A Manan Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v22i1.7452

Keywords:

civilization, kingdom, ancient egypt, mesopotamia

Abstract

The existence of civilization cannot be separated from the existence of human  beings. Mesopotamia  and Ancient  Egypt were the centers of the oldest civilization in the world. Both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt had typical characteristics. Mesopotamian  civilization was more non-physical compared to Egypt. Sciences were emphasized  more in Mesopotamia, while Egypt emphasized  religious aspects. Political systems in both areas were almost the same, that is, absolutism and considered the king as god. Mesopotamia  was more humanist  than Egypt. The effectiveness of both civilizations was determined much by political power and economy.

THIS ARTICLE IS RETRACTED

References

Al Faruqi, Ismail Raji. 1974. Historial Atlas of the Religious of the World. New York: Macmillah Publishing, Inc.

Bogardus, Emory S. 1995. The Development of Social Thouht. USA: Longmans, Green and Co.

Bell, Catherine. 1997. Ritual Perspective and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press.

David, Kenys. 1960. Human Society. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Ember, Carol R. dan Ember, Melvin. 1996. Anthropology. New Jersy: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Hoebel, E. Adamson. 1958. Man in the Primitive World. USA: Macgrwa-Hill.

Krane, Kenneth S. 1989. Fisika Modern. Jakarta: UI Press.

Ma’arif, Syafi’i. 1996. Ma’arif Peta Intelektual Muslim. Bandung: Mizan.

Murata, Sachico. 1997. The Tao of Islam. Bandung: Mizan.

Shcuon, Frijthof. 1969. Understanding Islam. London: Unwin Paperback.

Smar, Ninie. 1998. The World Religious. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Trever, Albert F. 1963. History of Ancient Civilization. USA: Bracc Company.

Wolff, Brinton Christoper. Tt. Wolff, A History of Civilizations. New Jersy.

Wallbank, T. Walter dan Tylor Alastair. 1949. Civilzation Past and Present: New York: Scolt, Foresman and Company.

Young, Loise B. 1970. Evolution of Man. New York: Oxford University Press.

Downloads

Published

2020-07-16

Issue

Vol. 22 No. 1 (2020): Jurnal Adabiya

Section

Articles

License

Procedure Proposed for Public Access Journals The authors of Jurnal Adabiya Journal adhere to the following terms:

a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that permits others to share the work with attribution to the authorship and first publication in this journal.

 b. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (such as posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with attribution to the journal's initial publication.

 c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to submit their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as this can lead to fruitful exchanges and increased citations of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

d. Jurnal Adabiya Journal publishes, distributes, uses, and repurposes scholarly works under the CC-BY SA license or an equivalent license.