ECTOMYCORRHIZAL MUSHROOMS DIVERSITY IN SORAYA RESEARCH STATION LEUSER ECOSYSTEM

Ectomycorrhizal macro fungi have a mutualistic symbiosis with several plants, including those from the Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fagaceae families. The existence of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi in nature is very important to preserve, therefore this study was conducted to determine the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi at Soraya Research Station. This study aims to


INTRODUCTION
Fungi are components that have an important role in forest ecosystems, which function as decomposers [1], in the nutrient cycle [2], and also symbiotic with other organisms, one of which is the symbiosis between fungi and plant roots called mycorrhiza [3].In daily life, fungi can be used as food, medicine, and also as fertilizer in agriculture [4].
Fungi are the second largest community after insects, fungi have complex forms ranging from unicellular, filaments until some of them have a sporocarp (fruiting body).
The number of fungi globally ranges from 2.2-3.8 million species.As much as 10% of these are macrofungi, which are estimated to number 220,000-

Materials
The materials used in this study were name tags, 70% alcohol, ectomycorrhizal macro fungi.orders, and 1 phylum namely Basidiomycota (Table 1).species and belonged to 4 genus [28].

Sample Collection and Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Macro-fungi
20 plots.The fruiting bodies found were first photographed in their natural habitat.Fungal characters were observed and recorded, such as the shape of the hood, color, texture, ring, and also volva, then the fruiting body was taken and then put into a sample bottle[22].Specimen identification continued in the laboratory using references published by[23,24, 12,25],andother reference sources such as scientific journals.The results of the analysis are presented in tables and figures.The research data were analyzed descriptively including morphological characters (fruiting body color, stipe shape, hood shape, lamella, annulus, and also volva) and quantitative analysis.Analysis of species diversity using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.Species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi can be calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Ludwig and Renold 1988): H'= − ∑   ln   ………………….(1) = =    ……………......………..(2) Description: H': Shannon-Wiener diversity index; ni: number of individuals of each species; and N: total number of individuals of ectomycorrhizal fungi.Diversity index criteria: H'≤ 1: low diversity; 1 ≤ H' ≥ 3: medium diversity; and H'>3: high diversity RESULT AND DISCUSSION The results of the identification of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi obtained at Soraya Research Station in the Leuser Ecosystem Area obtained a total of 1440 individuals and 31 species, which are classified into 14 families, 5

FamiliPicture 3 .Famili
and ectomycorrhizal fungi in Sipirok, Tongkoh, and Aek Nauli Forest Areas, Sumatra Utara, totaling 16 species, dominated by the Russulaceae family.The number of species can be seen in Picture 2, species from the Boletaceae family are the most commonly found, namely 5 species.This is because species from the Boletaceae family generally act as mycorrhizae and have a variety of host species.The results of research from [26], the Boletaceae family is also one of the dominant species found in Malaysian tropical forests.The Russulaceae family is the second largest with 4 species, the Russulasceae family is the dominant ectomycorrhizal species in tropical forests.Based on research by [7] from 31 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi found in the Dipterocarp forest of KHDK Labanan, the Russulaceae family is the most dominant species.This was because all members of the Russulaceae family are ectomycorrhizas that are symbiotic with plants from the Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae families.Based on research conducted in Malaysia by [26], of the 14 families in the Basidiomycota, dominated by the Russulaceae, Amanitaceae and Boletaceae families.Picture 2. Histogram of the Number of Ectomycorrhizal Macro-fungal Species at Soraya Research Histogram of the number of individual ectomycorrhizal macro fungi at Soraya Research Station The number of individuals of ectomycorrhizal fungi found at Soraya Research Station can be seen in Picture 3. The highest number of individuals is members of the Cantharellaceae family, namely 227 individuals.This is because species of the Cantharellaceae family live in colonies and each colony produces a large number of basidiomes or fruiting bodies, one colony consisting of 10-20 individuals.In addition, it is also because the Cantharellaceae family has a wide distribution and also has a variety of host species [28].The least number of fungi individuals is a member of the Agaricaceae family, which is 18 individuals.This is because the growth of these fungi is sometimes solitary, although some grow in colonies, but the number of fruiting bodies only amounts to 2-5 individuals.In contrast to members of the Sclerodermatataceae family, Research Station based on the value of the Shannon Wiener species diversity index (H').The results of the analysis showed that the diversity index value at the research site was 2.997, indicating that the species diversity at the site was classified as moderate.The species diversity index describes the condition of the species that make up a forest.The limit of the maximum H value in a good forest as a whole is in the interval 2.5 ≤ H max ≤ 3.5.Similarly, according to the criteria of [14], the species diversity index greater than 3 indicates abundant species diversity, values between 1-3 moderate species diversity, and values smaller than 1 indicate little/less diversity.The highest diversity value is found in Catharellus sp.The results of this study are preliminary data for the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi, this is due to the limited availability of morphological characters (mushroom fruiting bodies).The growth of the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi is strongly influenced by environmental factors, so the time and length of research will affect the results of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi.The Basidiomycota phylum is the most commonly found, because it is a phylum that generally includes ectomycorrhizal members associated with dipterocarp plants, such as those found in the lowland forests of Peninsular Malaysia,

Table 1 .
Ectomycorrhizal Macro-fungal Species at Soraya Research Station