Hydrogel Films Derived Water Hyacinth Stems And Banana Peels Pectin: Tensile Performance And Swelling Ability
Abstract
Abstract: Hydrogel films are sheet materials that form a 3D network structure and can be fabricated from one or more constituent materials. A combination of two natural polymers, namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from water hyacinth stems (WHS) and banana peel pectin, constructs these hydrogel films that are used as coating materials for food packaging. Citric acid replenishment to stabilize the cross-linking of the hydrogel films. This study is intended to determine the effect of WHSCMC, pectin, and citric acid on the swelling abilities and tensile performances of hydrogel films. CMC synthesis begins with harvesting water hyacinth stems obtained from the Gambut area waters in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Then carried out the extraction and bleaching processes of cellulose. Cellulose extract powder was processed in two stages, videlicet alkalization and carboxymethylation, to obtain cellulose derivatives in the form of CMC. The results of WHSCMC were analyzed using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) and compared with commercial CMC. Giving results with significant similarity at the peaks of 998 cm-1 and 1015 cm-1, specifically the ether glycosidic group. Fabrication of hydrogel films combines WHSCMC and banana peel pectin with various compositions (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, and 50:50 wt.%) with added citric acid as an aid for crosslinking at various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 wt.%). Hydrogel films sample 70:30, 5 wt.% (CPc-5) gave optimum results from the characterization of hydrogel films related to food packaging application coatings in the form of swelling ability of 6,647 g/g, tensile strength of 11,770 MPa, and elongation test of 11,896%. FT-IR analysis of CPc-5 indicates that there are carboxyl groups (COO-) and hydroxyl groups (-OH), which play a role in the formation of cross-links and hydrophilic properties.
Abstrak: Film hidrogel merupakan material lembaran yang membentuk struktur jaringan 3D dan dapat dibuat dari satu atau lebih bahan penyusun. Kombinasi dua polimer alami, yaitu karboksimetil selulosa (CMC) yang berasal dari batang eceng gondok (BEG) dan pektin kulit pisang membentuk film hidrogel yang digunakan sebagai bahan pelapis kemasan makanan. Penambahan asam sitrat untuk menstabilkan ikatan silang film hidrogel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh CMC BEG, pektin, dan asam sitrat terhadap kemampuan pembengkakan dan kinerja kekuatan tarik film hidrogel. Sintesis CMC diawali dengan pemanenan batang eceng gondok yang diperoleh dari perairan daerah Gambut, Kalimantan Selatan-Indonesia. Kemudian dilakukan proses ekstraksi dan pemutihan selulosa. Serbuk ekstrak selulosa diproses dalam dua tahap yaitu alkalisasi dan karboksimetilasi untuk mendapatkan turunan selulosa berupa CMC. Hasil CMC BEG dianalisis menggunakan FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) dan dibandingkan dengan CMC komersial. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah adanya kemiripan pada puncak 998 cm-1 dan 1015 cm-1, yaitu gugus eter glikosidik. Pembuatan film hidrogel mengkombinasikan CMC BEG dan pektin kulit pisang dengan berbagai komposisi (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, dan 50:50 % berat) dengan penambahan asam sitrat sebagai pengikat silang dengan berbagai konsentrasi (5, 10, dan 15 % berat). Sampel film hidrogel 70:30, 5% (CPc-5) memberikan hasil optimum dari karakterisasi film hidrogel terkait pelapis aplikasi kemasan makanan berupa uji kemampuan pembengkakan sebesar 6,647 g/g, kuat tarik 11,770 MPa, dan elongasi sebesar 11,896%. Analisis FT-IR terhadap CPc-5 menunjukkan adanya gugus karboksil (COO-) dan gugus hidroksil (-OH) yang berperan dalam pembentukan ikatan silang dan sifat hidrofilik.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ajithram, A., Jappes, J. W., & Brintha, N. (2021). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) natural composite extraction methods and properties–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 1626-1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.472
Arnon-Rips, H., & Poverenov, E. (2018). Improving food products' quality and storability by using Layer by Layer edible coatings. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 75, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.003
Asnag, G., Oraby, A., & Abdelghany, A. (2019). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its effect on the optical, thermal and electrical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose. Composites Part B: Engineering, 172, 436-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.044
Assyaifi, Z. L., Elma, M., Syauqiah, I., Rampun, E. L., Rahma, A., Sumardi, A., . . . Huda, N. (2021). Photocatalytic–pervaporation using membranes based on organo-silica for wetland saline water desalination. Membrane Technology, 2021(7), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(21)00109-9
Bandyopadhyay, S., Saha, N., Brodnjak, U. V., & Sáha, P. (2019). Bacterial cellulose and guar gum based modified PVP-CMC hydrogel films: Characterized for packaging fresh berries. Food packaging and shelf life, 22, 100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100402
Basiak, E., Lenart, A., & Debeaufort, F. (2017). Effect of starch type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 348-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.122
Batista, R. A., Espitia, P. J. P., Quintans, J. d. S. S., Freitas, M. M., Cerqueira, M. Â., Teixeira, J. A., & Cardoso, J. C. (2019). Hydrogel as an alternative structure for food packaging systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 205, 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.006
Cazón, P., Velazquez, G., Ramírez, J. A., & Vázquez, M. (2017). Polysaccharide-based films and coatings for food packaging: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 68, 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.009
Chonsakorn, S., Srivorradatpaisan, S., & Mongkholrattanasit, R. (2018). Effects of different extraction methods on some properties of water hyacinth fiber. Journal of Natural Fibers. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2018.1448316
Dharmalingam, K., & Anandalakshmi, R. (2019). Fabrication, characterization and drug loading efficiency of citric acid crosslinked NaCMC-HPMC hydrogel films for wound healing drug delivery applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 815-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.027
Dong, M., & Chen, Y. (2020). The stimuli-responsive properties of hydrogels based on natural polymers. In Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers (pp. 173-222): Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816421-1.00007-0
Dong, S., Feng, S., Liu, F., Li, R., Li, W., Liu, F., . . . Zhang, Y. (2021). Factors influencing the adhesive behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel for food applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 179, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.027
El-Hadi, A. M. (2017). Increase the elongation at break of poly (lactic acid) composites for use in food packaging films. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46767
Elma, M., Bilad, M. R., Pratiwi, A. E., Rahma, A., Asyyaifi, Z. L., Hairullah, H., . . . Lestari, R. A. (2022). Long-Term Performance and Stability of Interlayer-Free Mesoporous Silica Membranes for Wetland Saline Water Pervaporation. Polymers, 14(5), 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050895
Elma, M., Ghani, R. A., Rahma, A., Alyanti, A. D., & Dony, N. (2022). Banana Peels Pectin Templated Silica Ultrafiltration Membrane in Disk Plate Configuration Applied for Wetland Water Treatment. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 100(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.100.1.7788
Elma, M., Mujiyanti, D. R., Ismail, N. M., Bilad, M. R., Rahma, A., Rahman, S. K., . . . Rampun, E. L. A. (2020). Development of hybrid and templated silica-P123 membranes for brackish water desalination. Polymers, 12(11), 2644. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112644
Elma, M., Mustalifah, F. R., Suryani, L., Rampun, E. L. A., & Rahma, A. (2020). Wetland saline water and acid mine drainage desalination by interlayefree silica pectin membrane from banana peels. Nusantara science and technology proceedings, 271-279. https://doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2020.0543
Elma, M., Nata, I. F., Maulida, N. A., Fitriah, S. H., Rampun, E. L. A., & Rahma, A. (2022). Organosilica Multichannel Membranes Prepared by Inner Coating Method Applied for Brackish Water Desalination. Paper presented at the Materials Science Forum. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-785037
Elma, M., Pradana, E. A., Sihombing, N., Thala’ah, R. N., Rahma, A., & Rampun, E. L. (2022). Edible Film Fabrication derived from Nagara Starch and Red Ginger Essential Oil as a Package of Instant Noodles Seasoning. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012024
Elma, M., Pradana, E. A., Ul-haq, M. D., Rampun, E. L., Rahma, A., Harivram, A. S., . . . Kamelia, Y. (2022). Hollow fiber membrane applied for Sasirangan wastewater desalination integrated with photocatalysis and pervaporation set-up. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 1298-1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.343
Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Rahma, A., Pratiwi, A. E., Abdi, C., & Rossadi, R. (2020). Effect of two stages adsorption as pre-treatment of natural organic matter removal in ultrafiltration process for peat water treatment. Paper presented at the Materials Science Forum. https://www.scientific.net/MSF.988.114
Elma, M., Rezki, M. R., Mahmud, M., Sunardi, S., Pratiwi, E. N., Oktaviana, E. N., . . . Rahma, A. (2020). Membran karbon templated silica dari karbon Nipah (Nypa fruticans) untuk aplikasi desalinasi air rawa asin [Carbon templated silica membranes from Nypa carbon (Nypa fruticans) applied for wetland saline water desalination]. Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, 12(2), 83-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v12i2.6543
Elma, M., Sari, N., Pratomo, D., Annadliyah, S., Rampun, E., Rahma, A., & Pratiwi, A. (2020). Organo-silica membrane for brine water pervaporation. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012129
Elma, M., Sumardi, A., Paramita, A., Rahma, A., Lestari, A. E., Yanto, D. H. Y., . . . Raharjo, Y. (2021). Physicochemical properties of mesoporous organo-silica xerogels fabricated through organocatalyst. Membranes, 11(8), 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080607
Fekete, T., Borsa, J., Takács, E., & Wojnárovits, L. (2014). Synthesis of cellulose derivative based superabsorbent hydrogels by radiation induced crosslinking. Cellulose, 21(6), 4157-4165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0445-6
He, Y., Li, H., Fei, X., & Peng, L. (2021). Carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose nanocrystals immobilized silver nanoparticles as an effective coating to improve barrier and antibacterial properties of paper for food packaging applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 252, 117156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117156
Hidayah, N., Elma, M., Darsono, P. V., Syauqiah, I., Amenia, A., Laksana Putra, D. G., . . . Rahma, A. (2021). Physicochemical properties of membrane adsorber from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) by acid activation. Membranes, 11(12), 917. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/11/12/917
Isnasyauqiah, Elma, M., Pradana, E. A., Ul-haq, M. D., Rampun, E. L. A., Rahma, A., . . . Kamelia, Y. (2022). Hollow fiber membrane applied for Sasirangan wastewater desalination integrated with photocatalysis and pervaporation set-up. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 1298-1302. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321068486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.343
Jantrawut, P., Chaiwarit, T., Jantanasakulwong, K., Brachais, C. H., & Chambin, O. (2017). Effect of plasticizer type on tensile property and in vitro indomethacin release of thin films based on low-methoxyl pectin. Polymers, 9(7), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9070289
Kaczmarek, B., Nadolna, K., & Owczarek, A. (2020). The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels based on natural polymers. Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers, 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816421-1.00006-9
Kanikireddy, V., Varaprasad, K., Jayaramudu, T., Karthikeyan, C., & Sadiku, R. (2020). Carboxymethyl cellulose-based materials for infection control and wound healing: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 963-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.160
Khamsucharit, P., Laohaphatanalert, K., Gavinlertvatana, P., Sriroth, K., & Sangseethong, K. (2018). Characterization of pectin extracted from banana peels of different varieties. Food science and biotechnology, 27(3), 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0302-0
Kowalski, G., Kijowska, K., Witczak, M., Kuterasiński, Ł., & Łukasiewicz, M. (2019). Synthesis and effect of structure on swelling properties of hydrogels based on high methylated pectin and acrylic polymers. Polymers, 11(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010114
Lara-Espinoza, C., Carvajal-Millán, E., Balandrán-Quintana, R., López-Franco, Y., & Rascón-Chu, A. (2018). Pectin and pectin-based composite materials: Beyond food texture. Molecules, 23(4), 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040942
Lestari, B. R. A., Rohmah, N. W., & Pujiastuti, C. (2022). Kajian Pembuatan Edible Film dari Pati Uwi dengan Penambahan Kitosan dan Gliserol. ChemPro, 3(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.33005/chempro.v3i1.147
Lestari, R. A., Elma, M., Rahma, A., Suparsih, D., Anadhliyah, S., Sari, N. L., . . . Assyaifi, Z. L. (2020). Organo silica membranes for wetland saline water desalination: effect of membranes calcination temperatures. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807006
Lestari, R. A., Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Sumardi, A., Paramitha, A., Lestari, A. E., . . . Satriaji, G. (2020). Functionalization of Si-C Using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silica) as Precursor and Organic Catalyst. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807008
Liu, Y., Wang, R., Wang, D., Sun, Z., Liu, F., Zhang, D., & Wang, D. (2022). Development of a food packaging antibacterial hydrogel based on gelatin, chitosan, and 3-phenyllactic acid for the shelf-life extension of chilled chicken. Food Hydrocolloids, 127, 107546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107546
Lu, P., Yang, Y., Liu, R., Liu, X., Ma, J., Wu, M., & Wang, S. (2020). Preparation of sugarcane bagasse nanocellulose hydrogel as a colourimetric freshness indicator for intelligent food packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 249, 116831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116831
Maroufi, L. Y., Tabibiazar, M., Ghorbani, M., & Jahanban-Esfahlan, A. (2021). Fabrication and characterization of novel antibacterial chitosan/dialdehyde guar gum hydrogels containing pomegranate peel extract for active food packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 187, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.126
Mat Nawi, N. I., Mohd Lazis, A., Rahma, A., Elma, M., Bilad, M. R., Md Nordin, N. A. H., . . . Yusof, N. (2022). A Rotary Spacer System for Energy-Efficient Membrane Fouling Control in Oil/Water Emulsion Filtration. Membranes, 12(6), 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060554
Mustalifah, F. R., Rahma, A., Mahmud, Sunardi, & Elma, M. (2021). Chemical cleaning to evaluate the performance of silica-pectin membrane on acid mine drainage desalination. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1195(1), 012057. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1195/1/012057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1195/1/012057
Panahirad, S., Dadpour, M., Peighambardoust, S. H., Soltanzadeh, M., Gullón, B., Alirezalu, K., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2021). Applications of carboxymethyl cellulose-and pectin-based active edible coatings in preservation of fruits and vegetables: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 110, 663-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.025
Pratiwi, A. E., Elma, M., Putra, M. D., Mirwan, A., Rahma, A., & Rampun, E. L. A. (2019). Innovation of carbon from pectin templated in fabrication of interlayer-free silica-pectin membrane. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.3.93-98
Pratiwi, A. E., Elma, M., Rahma, A., Rampun, E. L., & Saputro, G. S. (2019). Deconvolution of pectin carbonised template silica thin-film: synthesis and characterisation. Membrane Technology, 2019(9), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(19)30167-3
Rahma, A., Elma, M., Mahmud, M., Irawan, C., Pratiwi, A. E., & Rampun, E. L. A. (2019). Removal of natural organic matter for wetland saline water desalination by coagulation-pervaporation. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.3.85-92
Rahma, A., Elma, M., Pratiwi, A. E., & Rampun, E. L. (2020). Performance of interlayer-free pectin template silica membranes for brackish water desalination. Membrane Technology, 2020(6), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(20)30108-7
Rahma, A., Elma, M., Rampun, E. L., Sintungkir, S. L., & Hidayat, M. F. (2022). Effect of backwashing process on the performance of an interlayer-free silica–pectin membrane applied to wetland saline water pervaporation. Membrane Technology, 2022(2). https://doi.org/10.12968/S0958-2118(22)70019-5
Rahman, M., Hasan, M., Nitai, A. S., Nam, S., Karmakar, A. K., Ahsan, M., . . . Ahmed, M. B. (2021). Recent developments of carboxymethyl cellulose. Polymers, 13(8), 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081345
Rakhmania, C. D., Khaeronnisa, I., Ismuyanto, B., Nanda, J., & Himma, N. F. (2017). Adsorpsi Ion Kalsium Menggunakan Biomassa Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Diregenerasi HCl. Jurnal Rekayasa Bahan Alam dan Energi Berkelanjutan, 1(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.rbaet.2017.001.01.03
Rampun, E. L., Elma, M., Rahma, A., & Pratiwi, A. E. (2019). Interlayer-free silica–pectin membrane for sea-water desalination. Membrane Technology, 2019(12), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(19)30222-8
Riaz, A., Lei, S., Akhtar, H. M. S., Wan, P., Chen, D., Jabbar, S., . . . Zeng, X. (2018). Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based antimicrobial active food packaging film incorporated with apple peel polyphenols. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 114, 547-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.126
Salihu, R., Abd Razak, S. I., Zawawi, N. A., Kadir, M. R. A., Ismail, N. I., Jusoh, N., . . . Nayan, N. H. M. (2021). Citric acid: A green cross-linker of biomaterials for biomedical applications. European Polymer Journal, 146, 110271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110271
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Pandey, A., Madhavan, A., Alphonsa, J. A., Vivek, N., . . . Faraco, V. (2017). Water hyacinth a potential source for value addition: an overview. Bioresource Technology, 230, 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.035
Sumardi, A., Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Lestari, A. E., Assyaifi, Z. L., Darmawan, A., . . . Wati, L. S. (2021). Designing a mesoporous hybrid organo-silica thin film prepared from an organic catalyst. Membrane Technology, 2021(2), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(21)00029-X
Susanto, A., Elma, M., & Putra, M. D. (2022). Characteristics of Heterogeneous Catalysts Fly Ash Fraction of Light Shell and Fiber of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Grown on Peatlands. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 28(3), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.3.85104
Syauqiyah, I., Elma, M., Putra, M. D., Rahma, A., Pratiwi, A. E., & Rampun, E. L. (2019). Interlayer-free silica-carbon template membranes from pectin and P123 for water desalination. Paper presented at the MATEC Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928003017
Tanpichai, S., Biswas, S. K., Witayakran, S., & Yano, H. (2019). Water hyacinth: A sustainable lignin-poor cellulose source for the production of cellulose nanofibers. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(23), 18884-18893. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04095
Waqas, S., Bilad, M. R., Man, Z. B., Suleman, H., Nordin, N. A. H., Jaafar, J., . . . Elma, M. (2021). An energy-efficient membrane rotating biological contactor for wastewater treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124544
Yadav, S., Mehrotra, G., & Dutta, P. (2021). Chitosan based ZnO nanoparticles loaded gallic-acid films for active food packaging. Food Chemistry, 334, 127605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127605
Yan, S.-H., Song, W., & Guo, J.-Y. (2017). Advances in management and utilization of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in aquatic ecosystems–a review. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 37(2), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1132406
Zafar, A., Khosa, M. K., Noor, A., Qayyum, S., & Saif, M. J. (2022). Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Gelatin Hydrogel Films Loaded with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications. Polymers, 14(23), 5201. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235201
Zainal, S. H., Mohd, N. H., Suhaili, N., Anuar, F. H., Lazim, A. M., & Othaman, R. (2021). Preparation of cellulose-based hydrogel: A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10, 935-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.012
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v9i1.16419
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Retno Febriyanti, Muthia Elma, Iryanti Fatyasari Nata, Ni Kadek Devi Ananda Saraswati, Paskah Fransiska Afrida Simatupang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
P-ISSN : 2460-8912
E-ISSN : 2460-8920
ELKAWNIE
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology in 2022. Published by Faculty of Science and Technology in cooperation with Center for Research and Community Service (LP2M), UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia.
View full page view stats report click here