Analysis of Dam Break Impacts and Mitigation Strategies Using HEC-RAS 2D Modeling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v11i2.31844Keywords:
Dam break, HEC-RAS 2D, Flood modeling, GIS, sensitivity analysis, emergency action planAbstract
Abstract: Dam failure is a critical hydrological hazard with potentially severe impacts on downstream communities and infrastructure. This study analyzes dam break impacts and mitigation strategies using two-dimensional hydraulic modeling with HEC-RAS 2D, integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis, at the Kerinci Merangin Hydropower Dam in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Overtopping and piping failure scenarios were simulated to estimate peak discharge, inundation extent, flow velocity, and flood wave arrival time, which directly informed the design of a site-specific Emergency Action Plan (EAP). Simulation results indicate that a complete dam failure could generate a peak discharge of approximately 681.5 m³/s, with flood waves reaching high-risk downstream areas within only 15-20 minutes. GIS-based hazard mapping reveals that several critical access and evacuation routes are located within high-inundation zones, limiting conventional evacuation feasibility. A sensitivity analysis of key hydraulic parameters, including breach geometry and Manning’s roughness coefficient, demonstrates that small parameter variations significantly affect flood arrival time and evacuation lead-time reliability. The study’s contribution lies in demonstrating how sensitivity-informed dam break modeling can identify evacuation constraints and support the development of a highly localized, rapid-response EAP, moving beyond generic mitigation frameworks toward operationally feasible disaster preparedness.
Abstrak: Kegagalan bendungan merupakan bahaya hidrologi yang kritis dengan potensi dampak yang serius terhadap masyarakat dan infrastruktur di wilayah hilir. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak keruntuhan bendungan dan strategi mitigasi menggunakan pemodelan hidraulik dua dimensi dengan HEC-RAS 2D yang terintegrasi dengan analisis spasial berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG), dengan studi kasus Bendungan PLTA Kerinci Merangin di Provinsi Jambi, Indonesia. Skenario kegagalan akibat overtopping dan piping disimulasikan untuk mengestimasi debit puncak, luas genangan, kecepatan aliran, serta waktu kedatangan gelombang banjir yang secara langsung digunakan sebagai dasar penyusunan Rencana Tindakan Darurat (Emergency Action Plan/EAP) yang bersifat spesifik lokasi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa kegagalan total bendungan dapat menghasilkan debit puncak sekitar 681,5 m³/detik, dengan gelombang banjir mencapai wilayah hilir berisiko tinggi hanya dalam waktu 15-20 menit. Pemetaan bahaya berbasis SIG mengungkap bahwa beberapa jalur akses dan evakuasi kritis berada dalam zona genangan tinggi, sehingga membatasi kelayakan evakuasi konvensional. Analisis sensitivitas terhadap parameter hidraulik utama, termasuk geometri rekahan dan koefisien kekasaran Manning, menunjukkan bahwa variasi parameter yang relatif kecil dapat secara signifikan memengaruhi waktu kedatangan banjir dan keandalan waktu evakuasi. Kontribusi utama penelitian ini terletak pada demonstrasi bagaimana pemodelan keruntuhan bendungan yang mempertimbangkan analisis sensitivitas dapat mengidentifikasi keterbatasan evakuasi dan mendukung penyusunan EAP yang sangat terlokalisasi dan berorientasi pada respons cepat, melampaui kerangka mitigasi generik menuju kesiapsiagaan bencana yang lebih operasional dan realistis.
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