Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Nanoemulsion Formulated From Baeckea frutescens and Citrus x microcarpa Essential Oils

Occa Roanisca; Ropalia Ropalia; Anggraeni Anggraeni

doi:10.22373/ekw.v12i2.32230

Authors

Occa Roanisca Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Bangka, Indonesia
Ropalia Ropalia Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Marine Sciences, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Indonesia
Anggraeni Anggraeni Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Bangka, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v12i2.32230

Keywords:

Nanoemulsion, essential oil, Baeckea frutescens, Citrus x microcarpa, antioxidant, antibacterial

Abstract

Abstract: The use of essential oils in the development of natural pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as antioxidants and antibacterial agents is currently gaining popularity. Research on combining Baeckea frutescens L. essential oil with key lime (Citrus x microcarpa Bunge) peel waste remains limited despite their individual antimicrobial efficacy and potential synergistic effects as natural preservatives. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from sapu-sapu plants and key lime fruit waste combined in nanoemulsion preparations. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and formulated into two nanoemulsion preparations, F1 (EOB:EOC, 40:60) and F2 (EOB:EOC, 60:40). The characteristics of F1 showed a particle size of 7.06 nm with a PDI of 0.0067, while F2 had a size of 14.64 nm with a PDI of 0.1528, indicating that both formulations showed good stability and homogeneity. The antioxidant activity test results showed an IC₅₀ of 3.3305 ppm for F1 and 4.5234 ppm for F2, indicating that F1 has stronger antioxidant activity through the DPPH method. The results of antibacterial activity tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Cutibacterium acnes showed that both formulas had moderate to strong activity against all test bacteria, with F1 providing a wider inhibition zone than F2. The essential oil of sapu-sapu and the essential oil derived from key lime fruit waste, when combined in a nanoemulsion formulation, demonstrate potential as natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents, offering promising candidates for sustainable bioactive ingredients in pharmaceutical and food applications.

Abstrak: Penggunaan minyak atsiri dalam pengembangan produk farmasi dan kosmetik alami sebagai agen antioksidan dan antibakteri saat ini semakin populer. Penelitian mengenai pengombinasian minyak atsiri Baeckea frutescens L. dengan minyak atsiri dari limbah kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus x microcarpa Bunge) masih terbatas, meskipun masing-masing telah diketahui memiliki efektivitas antimikroba serta potensi efek sinergis sebagai pengawet alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dari minyak atsiri tanaman sapu-sapu dan limbah buah jeruk nipis yang dikombinasikan dalam sediaan nanoemulsi. Minyak atsiri diperoleh melalui metode destilasi uap dan diformulasikan menjadi dua sediaan nanoemulsi, yaitu F1 (EOB:EOC = 40:60) dan F2 (EOB:EOC = 60:40). Karakteristik F1 menunjukkan ukuran partikel sebesar 7.06 nm dengan nilai PDI 0.0067, sedangkan F2 memiliki ukuran partikel 14.64 nm dengan nilai PDI 0.1528, yang mengindikasikan bahwa kedua formulasi memiliki stabilitas dan homogenitas yang baik. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 3.3305 ppm untuk F1 dan 4.5234 ppm untuk F2, yang menandakan bahwa F1 memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih kuat berdasarkan metode DPPH. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, dan Cutibacterium acnes menunjukkan bahwa kedua formula memiliki aktivitas sedang hingga kuat terhadap seluruh bakteri uji, dengan F1 menghasilkan zona hambat yang lebih luas dibandingkan F2. Minyak atsiri sapu-sapu dan minyak atsiri yang berasal dari limbah buah jeruk nipis, ketika dikombinasikan dalam formulasi nanoemulsi, menunjukkan potensi sebagai agen antibakteri dan antioksidan alami, sehingga berpeluang menjadi kandidat bahan bioaktif berkelanjutan untuk aplikasi farmasi dan pangan.

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