LANGUAGE IS OLD MALAY ( A DIALECTOLOGY STUDY : THE LANGUAGE CHANGE )

An interdisciplinary linguistic which studies the problem on language variation is so called Dialectology. The variation of language happens on the usage that is caused by the change of social environment and place for ages. Language variation can be found in the form of accent, sub dialect, dialect, or that of language. Studying a language variation means also to trace the language history. Geographically, language variation can show where the speaker comes from. Linguistics distinctions analyzed in dialectology are phonetics, morphemic, and lexical variations. However, in this study, phonological and lexical variations are discussed. Glosses used are Ogden's 850 basic words which have been translated into Bahasa. The research subjects are 18 Gayo native speakers. Six of them become primary informants and the rests are as secondary ones. Methods of acquiring data used are cakap-simak (speak and listen) as well as tulis-rekam (write and record). The discovered data from the informants are crosschecked with the standardized words of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Great Dictionary). Then, the distance of word variations are determined by using dialectometry formula. The result are: 165 words = 19,41% lexical differences, 305 words = 35,88% phonetically differences, and 380 words = 44,71% without difference, neutral or zero. By regarding 1% data error tolerant, it can be concluded that Gayo language is Old Malay that has “accent variation = 20,41%" compared to New Malay or Bahasa Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Gayo language that is found in the central part of Aceh province is interesting to be discussed by dialectological study since the language spoken by Gayo ethnic is known as an Old Malay.Malay in Gayo language Melaya means "go anywhere" and is also called for "Malaysia".For example, "We nge beloh ku Melaya" = "He has gone to Malaysia.""Kusi we melaya?"= Where does he go?In Tamil, melayu or melayur = high land.In Sanskrit, malaya = a kind of delicate scent eaglewood tree.In Javanese, melayu = geras or run.According to Ensiklopedi Umum 1997, Malay language covers: Malay of Riau, Lingga, Malay of Johor including Malay of Bangka, Malay of Natuna, Bunguran Ulu, Melay of Baliton, Melay of Margur, Pashu…" At the present time, the Melay ethnic is called as Indonesian, they populate all of Indonesian islands as native population (Nasution & Sembiring, 2007, pp. 3-9).
A long time ago, there was a great kingdom in Gayo area called as Kerajaan Linge or Lingga.As said by mouth to mouth story, the kingdom had a very close relationship to Lingga in Malaysia.The story "Sengeda and White Elephant" tells the relationship of Linge Gayo, Malaysia, and Aceh Darussalam kingdoms.It is told that Sengeda and Bener Meriah's mother was the King of Malacca's daughter.In view of the fact that Gayo is classified as Melay etnic as well, but why is Gayo called as an Old Melay?To answer the question is not easier one, since it is needed some studies to support the fact such as history, anthropology, archeology, genetics, and linguistics to prove it scientifically.In this paper, the case is discussed by linguistics view on the variation of lexical words of Bahasa Gayo as an Old Melay compared to Bahasa Indonesia as a New Melay by using dialectometry formula.The number of words used as glosses are Ogden's 850 basic words (Crystal, 2002).

LITERATURE AND THEORY
At this point, it will be discussed the literature of Gayo seeing from the views of history, archeology, genealogy, anthropology, and linguistics.From the history view: according to Said (1961), Monograph Team from Unsyiah (1970), Ibrahim (2001), Gayo speaking people are the Old Malay originated from backside of India and occupied alongside of Indonesian islands during the time of the first movement.Aminurrashid (as cited in Nonki, 2011) states that "...the ethnic called Malay was living people at the outside bank of a small river that is named as Sungai Melayu (Melay River) to the upward of Sungai Batanghari (now, Sungai Jambi).They had been there more or less +1500 years ago., Perlak, and Kuala Simpang (Said, 1985, pp. 76).Gayo people formerly lived in the coastal area of north and east part of Aceh, exactly in Perlak and Pase.Later on, they settled into central part of moun-tainous area of Aceh Loser Antara which is now called as Gayo High Land (Ibrahim, 2001).
Linguistics view: Gayo language is a language that is spoken by Aceh Gayo or Old Melayu which is more popular called as urang Gayo = Gayo people.The majority of them live in Central Aceh (UU 24/1956) Gayo people do not have a special writing system; however, it was derived from Arabic and modified tobe so-called as Arab Melayu or Arab Jawi.It is known since the time of Islam existence in Andalas or Sumatra Island.Alphabetical writing system or Latin's writing symbols were not recognized before the Dutch colonialization period (Ibrahim, 2001, pp. 1-7).Gayo language is spoken by Gayo people spread along the six regencies of Aceh.It is stated that the phyla of Melay Polynesia language inherits the local languages such as Melay, Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Balinese, Bugis, Nias, Toraja, Sasak, Seram, Dayak, and Gayo in Indonesia (Kern, as cited in Nasution & Sembiring, 2007, p. 56).

Dialectology
The terms of dialectology, accent, dialect, language, and variant are as follows: (a) the systematic study of regional dialects is known variously as dialectology, dialect geography, geolinguistics, or linguistic geography" (see, Crystal, 1992:26;Chambers and Trudgill, 1980:207); (b) Accent "a national, local or individual way of pronouncing words" (Hornby, 1999:6).For example, Speak English with a foreign accent!(c)Dialect "the form of a language used in part of country or by a class of people with grammar, words and pronunciation that may be different from other forms of the same language" (Hornby, 1999, p. 319); (d) language, in Gayo is called as Basa or Bahasa.It means a systematic system apply to communicate ideas or feelings by using sign, sound, gesture, or signal that is considered and known its meaning (Brown, 2008, p. 406) or "the system of sounds and words used by humans to express their thoughts and feelings" (Hornby, 1999, p. 662); (e) Variant or Variation is "a thing that differs from other things or from a standard" (Hornby, 1999(Hornby, , p. 1320)).So, variants in this study are linguistic form differences of lexical and phonetically used by the two languages, namely bahasa Gayo as Old Malay and bahasa Indonesia as the New Malay.
"All aspects of language structure and use are subject to changes, but the most noticeable and frequent changes affect pronunciation and vocabulary, and it is these which have attracted most study" (Crystal, 1992, p. 328).So, language is change "dari Kaku ke Baku" from a rigid into flexible one, from imperfect to be perfect one, such as: Old English to be Middle English and Modern English.Old Bahasa Indonesia into New one, such as Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan (EYD).for example: -yung→igung→idung→hidung (nose) -yup→iup→iyup→tiup (blow) -ka'→kak→akak →kakak →kakanda (sister) -sap→isap→hisap (suck) Ancient Malay-Old Malay-New Malay: -savanakna→sebanyaknya→sebanyak-banyaknya (as much as possible) -manghidupi→menghidupi (to earn for a living) -varang→barang (things) -vuatna→buatnya (for him/her) -prakara→perkara (matter) Studies on dialectology, in Indonesia, have been done since 1951 (Lauder, 2002).It is mentioned that there are 172 studies on dialectology all over Indonesia which is considered having more or less 735 languages.One of them is the study on Javanese done by Nothofer.He came into conclusion that Javanese dialect found in western part of Jogja is more conservative than that of Jogja, showing the characteristic of Ancient Java (Nothofer, as cited in Laksono, 2001).So, does Bahasa Gayo (Old Melay) differ from or close to Bahasa Indonesia (New Melayu)?How are the variants?
Language variants can be found in the form of Phonological variant and Lexical one.It is important to differ between phonological and lexical features in this study because to categorize linguistic features of a language into accent, sub dialect, dialect, or a language by using dialectometry formula, the variation of phonology is neglected (Ayatrohaedi in Mahsun, 1995, p. 119).Phonological variants among the regions are noticed if (a) the variants of lexeme conduce the same meaning or correspond to one and another, (b) the variants between the lexeme that show the same meaning if one or two sounds exist at the same position.The variant of lexeme that shows the same meaning is regarded as phonological variant if the lexeme is derived from the same lexical or the same protolanguage.If there is another reflection of a lexical or corresponding of its meaning is considered that it has two variants, namely phonological variant and lexical one (Mahsun, 1995, p. 23-24).
The variation of phonological feature caused by deletion or addition of vowel or consonant sounds is used to be happened and it is so-called sound variation or the style of a language.According to linguist, dialect variation consists of five  haedi, 1983, p. 3-5).
Another linguist divides the variants into ten language styles (Mahsun, 1995, p. 33-39) 5. Linguistic theory, "language shows who you are".The relationship of a tribe to another one can be traced from the language they speak since the linguis-tic features of the speakers can be seen or analyzed to show where they are from.
In linguistic theory, there is a theory which is so-called 'wave theory'.It is popularized by Johannes Schmidt in the year 1872.According to this theory, the languages used by people in certain region are influenced by the changes of a certain region.It means, a change will spread away (just like the wave) from its core and it does not stop till the border of a dialect since it is able to spread out of a language border to interlanguages.Even it influences among the phyla of the languages or intralanguges.There is hypothesis which says that a language is categorized as protolanguage to some other languages can be known by comparing the languages (Schwarz, et al., 1992(Schwarz, et al., , p. 1176)).In this study, the words of Aceh Gayo (Old Malay) are compared to Bahasa Indonesia (New Melay).Then, the words are analyzed to find the percentage of lexical and phonological variants by using dialectometry formula.

Method of Study and Analysis
This study uses two methods, library research and field research methods.Library research is used to find some information based on writing materials such as book, journal, encyclopedia, dictionary, magazine, newspaper, and other writing materials.Field research is used to find data from subjects or informants in the field.
To identify accent, sub dialect, dialect, and language variants of Bahasa Gayo, is used Cakap and Simak methods or speaking and listening methods Sudaryanto, 1993).Speaking method is applied by using elicitation technique, face to face, and recording technique.Listening method is applied by using techniques of writing and recording.Data collecting are analyzed by using matching technique, matching and comparing techniques, contrasting and comparing techniques.Data collection is taken from some informants that are fulfilling exceptional requirements (Mahsun, 1995;Ayatrohaedi, 1983;Chambers and Trudgill, 1990).The result of recording data is written, and then they are compared with the lexical words found in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.Informants are selected from six fields of study.Data collection used questionnaire of 850 glosses, Ogden's 859 Basic Words (Crystal, 1992 andAbdussalam, 2012).Next, selecting the glosses to sort them into lexical and phonological variants, neutral or zero (without variant), At last, each group of glosses are calculated by using dialectometry formula to be considered the variant of the two languages into accent, sub dialect, dialect, or language variants (Thomas, 1988;Guiter in Mahsun, 1995:118;Sibarani, 1999).Based on the formula, it is measured the lexical variation or differentiation as the following criteria: more than ≥ 81 percent lexical variation is considered as language variant (langue), 51−80 percent lexical variation is considered as dialect variant (dialecte), 31-50 percent lexical variation is considered as sub dialect variant (sousdialecte), 21-30 percent lexical variation is considered as accent variant (parler), and less than ≤ 20 percent lexical variation is considered as no variant (negligeable).(Guiter, as cited in Sibarani, 1999, p. 9, Lauder, 2002, p. 39, and Mahsun, 2005, p. 154).

The Dialectometry Formula
The analysis of phonological variation is using Guiter criteria: (Guiter in Mahsun, 2005, p. 155).However, In this study, the standard of phonological criteria are not applied because to determine an accent, sub dialect, dialect, and language variants by using dialectometry formula, the phonological and morphological variants should be ignored (Ayatrohaedi in Mahsun, 1995, p. 119).

The Result of Study
The result of dialectometry analysis on the glosses of 850 basic words show that the variation of Bahasa Gayo (Old Malay) compared with Bahasa Indonesia (New Malay) as follows: few lexical variation, namely 165 words = 19,41%, some phonetically variation, 305 words =35,88%, and neutral or zero = 380 words = 44,71%.By adding 1 % error tolerance of data, it is found that lexical variation = 20,41%.It means there is "accent variation" between Bahasa Gayo (Old Malay) and Bahasa Indonesia (New Malay).

CONCLUSION
Having seen from the result of dialectometry analyses and supported by archeology, anthropology, genealogy, and history theories, it can be pulled out a supposition that Gayo people are the oldest men in Sumatra and their language is called as Aceh-Gayo language or Gayo Language or Old Malay that has different accent with New Malay or Bahasa Indonesia (20,41% Gayo language area is geographically situated in central region of Aceh which is located in the six regencies, namely (a) East Aceh Regency, (b) Bener Englisia Vol.I No. 2, May 2014 | 193 Meriah Regency, (c) Central Aceh Regency, (d) Gayo Luwes Regency, (e) South-East Aceh Regency, and (f) Aceh Tamiang Regency (See the maps!).Image taken from http://uranggayo.wordpress.com/The Purposes and the Significance of study The purposes of the study are (1) to identify the number of variation lexically and phonologically; (2) to decide categorization of accent, sub dialect, dialect, or language differences between Bahasa Gayo as an Old Malay and Bahasa Indonesia as a New Malay; and (3) to describe linguistically relationship between the Old Malay and New Malay as the answer to the question of the study.The significant of this study are: (a) realization of the idea about Preserving Local Languages based on the statute UUD 45; (b) proving the phonological and lexical variants of Gayo and Malay languages; (c) increasing the professionalism on writing about dialectology; (d) supporting the vocabulary of Gayo and Indonesian; (e) enhancing self confidence to speak in Gayo and Malay languages among the spokesperson; (f) developing knowledge on dialectology; (g) Adding new reading material on the language; (i) knowing where the spokesperson come from; and (h) recommendation for decision maker in applying the government policy on language.