Examining personification in songs as one of the English teaching materials

This research aims to figure out the types of personification used in one of the famous albums namely Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible. The sources of data were 19 songs taken from Thriller and Invincible albums by Michael Jackson and the lyrics of the songs. The research design used was descriptive qualitative research with documentation analysis as the technique of data collection. The result showed that there were 65 personification expressions found in the albums. Those 65 personifications were categorized into four types of personification as proposed by Dorst et al. (2011) namely: conventionalized personification (33 expressions), novel personification (20 expressions), default personification (12 expressions), and personification-withmetonymy (0 expressions). The idea of conventionalized personification presents in the lyrics is to dig out the beauty and tranquility of nature to life. It also might address giving an object or animal-human characteristics to create interesting imagery to the ELT Students. Also, these songs are assumed as one of the various English materials in language teaching in the future since it has no sarcasm and motivating contexts throughout the lyrics themselves.


Introduction
Talking about literature in English contexts has been discussed in research in novels, movies, poems, or songs (Marlisa & Hidayat, 2020;Palupiningtyas, 2013;Fata et al., 2018;Rabbani, 2016;Kesia et al., 2020;Yuliana et al., 2018;Astuti et al., 2019). Also, there were studies on literature e.g., figure of speech in teaching materials (Sayakhan, 2018;Chi Ko, 2018). Nowadays, English teachers might choose a rationale material in teaching English and songs are assumed to be good English language teaching materials. So, the slot of an analysis figure of speech of literature in English songs is a matter of the significant way in teaching English.
Literature in the simplest version can be defined as the expression of human culture and appears at different times and places. According to Carter (2006), literature in certain societies at certain times is a matter of convention that allows the theory to consider further how such a convention was made and possible alternative conventions. While Bennet and Royle (2004) said that literature could be defined as the discourse of the uncanny: literature is the kind of writing which most persistently and most provocatively engages with the uncanny aspects of experience, thought, and feeling. Literature deals with the study of various literary forms including novels, prose, poetry, drama, films, and songs which most often refer to the work of creative imagination. The most well-known and commonly distributed type of literature is a song. Yusuf and Pillai (2016) figured that songs and sounds have contribution in English studies and it develops quickly between worldwide societies.
Figurative language is a language used to convey something different from the literal dictionary definition of the word. Using figurative expression is making new imaginative descriptions (Arvius, 2003). It needs a lot of imagination and focuses the readers or listeners on attending the connotation rather than denotation because the phrase has hidden significance behind the lexical significance. According to Verdonk (2003), stylistic is a kind of figurative language. Figurative language is generally used to say or write something to create many meanings. The creativity of the author and the beauty of the language itself is often shown in literary works. It is defined by Peter (2002) stating that when we describe another person's manner of writing, speaking, or performing, we may say she writes vigorous style or she started in a fine style.
There are a lot of figurative language types used in the songs; one of the types is personification. Lakoff and Johnsen (2003, p. 35) defined personification as "one of the basic ontological metaphors". The ontological metaphor is giving an image to the audience as things can act just like a certain object and even act like a human. Personification is when someone gives human characteristics to something that is not human. It can also be used to represent abstract qualities in human form. Personification gives human nature and quality, like emotions, desires, sensations, movements, and words, often with metaphors.
Personification is a kind of figurative language that describes un-living matter or inanimate object as if having humanism attitudes. For example, "the wind howling in the dark midnight added to our fear" by Keraf (2006, p. 140). The actual meaning of the wind howling is the wind started to blow loud and harsh.
This study focused on personifications that are used mainly in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums. These albums have 19 songs that conduct the personification. Also, the songs are very popular for their interesting and fun lyrics and rhythms. Words taken by items or lexical lyrics are general words that can be found in everyday conversation and Michael Jackson has succeeded in combining them in very interesting and fresh expressions without leaving the ideas and thoughts he wanted to convey. Besides, songs can make the English learning activity varies. This research was done because the song lyrics sometimes are difficult to understand because it not only consists of literal language but also uses figurative language. Even though there are a number of studies of personification on songs, however the gap of this study is to apply categories of personification by employing the latest framework 2011, besides the framework has not been applied in the previous studies and so that later it is assumed to be a various learning materials.

Literature review 2.1. Personification
Personification is a technique by which any non-human object or entity is assigned to a human character. Personification is often used to explain or enrich the description of something or to highlight a particular characteristic of a non-human creature or object. As Wolosky (2001, p. 93) said personification is part of "figurative language, personification is a figure of speech in which things are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form". By using human characteristics to describe objects, animals, or even places, personification can make our descriptions more unique and help the readers and the listeners better relate to songs, writings, novels, and more (Arta, 2017).
In literature and everyday speech, personification is very prevalent. For example, science-fiction novels were his constant companions. Only a person or animal can be a 'companion'. Books are just objects but this personification informs us that the books, like close friends, meant a lot to him and likely brought him joy, like friends. Personification typically reflects the emotions of characters and provides a scene more life (Kesi et al., 2020).
Personalization energizes both prose and poetry, for example, peace had deserted Devon. Although they did not look like the campus and the town, many of their summer dreams remained peaceful. Fall had barely touched the full splendor of the trees, and during the height of the day, the sun briefly regained its summertime power (Harun et al., 2020). There was only an edge of coolness in the air to suggest the coming winter, but everything had been caught up, like the first fallen leaves, by a new one and energetic wind. Peace, an abstract idea, may desert a location in this instance. The campus and village also dream and the fall touches the trees (Astuti et al., 2019). Yuliana et al. (2018) figured that there are four types of personification, namely: conventionalized personification, novel personification, default personification, and personification-with-metonymy. Utami (2012) identified that conventionalized personification is based on the mapping of basic human meanings and distinct non-human contextual meanings both of which can be found in a dictionary. The conventionalized personification appears when the basic sense of human meanings and non-human contextual meanings are acquired in the dictionary; if we do not consider the non-human relational definition in the dictionary, we are talking about an un-conventionalized or novel personification. The main point of this form is that the personification can be identified if the word is familiar in the dictionary without considering the context of the sentence. For example:

Conventionalized personification
"Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it" -To Kill a Mockingbird, a word by Scout in the novel.
The human basic sense in the example is tired. The definition of tired is the feeling that you need rest or sleep; needing rest by Bull (2008, p. 466).
The meaning implied from the sentence gives the town a human sense which is tired by saying it was a tired old town but that does not mean the city is tired. The real intention is that this city has a traditional feel but to know more about this type we have to know the story from the novel well. The non-human contextual meaning is bored with somebody or something, which is applied to the old town.

Novel personification
Novel personification is classified based on a mapping of the basic human meaning and a novel contextual non-human interpretation (Armstrong & Ferguson, 2010). Novel personification means that the basic human sense of creation can be taken up but literal words cannot acquire contextual significance in the dictionary. This is because the non-human relational meaning has a context that cannot be easily understood by the dictionary. It is important to know that novel personification is connected to the conventionalization in the dictionary, not to use, therefore, it may sometimes be seen, even if it does not have a separate entry in the dictionary, that nonhuman contextual significance is familiar to people. For example: "The sun in his jealous sky" -Sting "Fields of Gold" The word found in the example is jealous. The definition of jealous is feeling angry or unhappy because somebody you like or love is showing interest in somebody else by Bull (2008, p. 238), and the word jealous is related to human emotions. Based on the sentence how the sun and sky have jealous feelings like humans, the personification here seems awkward but this type of personification is simple to be understood because in the dictionary there are fundamental human meanings and contextual meanings (Justin & Laukka, 2013).

Default personification
Default personification is based on the default interpretation of the basic human meaning when it can theoretically be interpreted as human or animated or general but preferred by default human interpretation (Utama, 2015). The default personification operates if the vehicle can be implemented for animals or other living things and not only for humans. In some cases, the dictionary will describe a human meaning while general knowledge tells us that the term really should refer to animals as well. For example: "Then the line would not come in anymore and held it until he saw the drops jumping from it" -The Old Man and the Sea Novel.
The word found in this example is jumping. Jump definition is to move quickly off the ground by pushing yourself with your legs and feet; up in the air (Qomariah, 2015). The word jump is not only used to describe humans, but animals can also use the word jump, but the word jump has included an expression of personification that makes the word come alive. It is thought to be animated, muscular, or body-like, so it can move.
The examples from Chi Ko (2018) are the definitions of the verb to drink and the verb to climb. For to drink, Rabbani (2016) said to take liquid into your body through your mouth and for to climb to use your hands and feet to move up, over, down, or across something. From the definition, it can be concluded that the words drink and climb are not only applied to humans but generally can also be applied to animals. Dorst, Mulder, and Steen (2011) say that personification-with-metonymy is created in violation of the basic meaning selection restrictions triggered by the substitution of a human agent or patient with a metonymically associated non-human or patient. Based on Chi Ko (2018) metonymy is a figurative language that used a word to declare other things, as it has a close relation. Therefore, the existence of metonymy will be personified with the basic human sense of personification.

Personification-with-metonymy
This kind of personification is when a human definition expressed with the noun needed for the argumentation structure, in particular verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but the noun was metonymically substituted by a non-human noun which infringes selection restrictions. For example: "Samsung kills the market in 2013 due to its various products" There are two words of metonymy namely Samsung and the market. But the device in the example is killing. The definition of kill is to make somebody or something die by Bull (2008, p. 243). Kill is caused by the death of (an individual, animal, or other living objects), so killing applies to living things. Therefore, Samsung is conceived as an individual capable of killing or removing one's life. Because many items released by Samsung can compete in the trading market and many other goods companies issue products like Samsung because they think that if they do not release another product, their products will be inferior to Samsung.

Song and lyrics
Salcedo (2002) says that song is a good combination of music and poetry that reflects people's ideas, feelings, and life experiences. There is a strong and complicated relationship between lyrics and melodies in songs. According to Russo and Thompson (2004, p. 51), melodies and lyrics are often coordinated for general emotional significances, stress points, groupings, expectations, and closures. In some cases, prosodic patterns related to speech affect the composition decisions taken in developing melodic and rhythmic elements of a song.
Written words that are made specifically for music or whose music is made specifically, are called lyrics. Lyrics are words that make up songs that usually consist of verses and choirs. Words for expanded musical compositions such as opera, however, are usually known as "libretto" and the author as "librettist". The meaning of the lyrics can be explicit or implicit (Yusuf et al., 2021).
The lyrics are abstract almost incomprehensible, and, in such cases, the explanation emphasizes form, articulation, meters, and symmetry of expression. Most of the time, they carry a message (whatever that might be) to motivate the listeners, at least, to think about it. Such a purpose and form of interaction are embedded in the cultural context of these people, according to their musical preferences, time, etc.

Teaching English through songs
In curriculum 2013 Indonesia, senior high school students level 10, 11, and 12 are required to study songs as one of English materials of standard competence 3.9 and 4.9.
"…to interpret the social function and language features of song's lyrics in topic of youths for level senior high school. And 4.9 "… to grab meaning of the social function and language features of song's lyrics on topic of youths for level senior high school (translated).
It is clearly stated that senior high school students are requested to learn song's lyrics material for English subjects. Therefore, ELT teachers are obliged to select and choose inspirational songs to suit the standard competences.

Method
This research used descriptive qualitative research. Research methods can be interpreted as a device or procedure used to collect, process, analyze and present data or solve problems, or to develop science. The research method is a way that someone can use to achieve the goals (Ary et al., 2006). The descriptive method is a kind of problemsolving method, clarifying data, analyzing data, and interpreting the data analyzed.
The Threatened. The characteristic of these songs is about human, struggle, love, pain and so on that faced by Michael Jackson along with his career and his dreams (Vincent, 2019). The object of this research is the types of personification found in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums based on Dorst et al. (2011).
The descriptive method is primarily used as an approach to qualitative analysis in qualitative research. In this case, the researchers chose to use the song lyrics as the document. After collecting the data, the researcher would analyze the data. According to Flick (2013), data analysis is the central step in qualitative research. Whatever the data are, their analysis forms the outcomes of the research. Therefore, the researcher analyzed the data by using a method proposed by Miles and Johnny (2014) containing three steps which are called data reduction, data display, and conclusion. In data reduction, the researcher focused on the song lyrics that consist the personification as the data in this research. Song lyrics were obtained from the Internet and printed as analyzed data, and the researcher conducted an analysis based on the types of personification by Dorst et al. (2011). For data display, the researcher put the data into the tables in appendix II. Data obtained from objects were classified based on the types of personification and songs to achieve the objectives of this study. After that, the researcher re-checked the data to make sure those are valid data needed in this research. The data were calculated using the following percentage formula when making an explanation: To calculate the data, the researcher used this formula to show the percentage of the data occurrence.

Findings
The researcher found some types of personification used in these albums. All the types of personification based on the framework of Dorst et al. (2011) were included in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums. The personification types that researchers found in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums are demonstrated in table 1. Based on the table above, the most used personification in the albums is conventionalized personification while the least used is default personification. The type of personification that is not found in the analysis is personification-with-metonymy.

Conventionalized personification
There are 33 data (50.77%) classified into conventionalized personification. The examples of this personification type from the data are shown as below (L refers to lyrics): (L1) Across the night time, the city winks a sleepless eye (L2) Four walls won't hold me tonight (L3) Heaven can wait (L4) Let's not wait, the sun is out In the sentence (L1), the main point that should be analyzed is the word "winks" which becomes the vehicle of personification expression. The basic meaning of the word "winks" by Bull (2008, p. 510) is to close one eye and open it again quickly and related to something that a human can do. Also, the sentence close one eye is seen refers to a person because a human can close one eye for the signal to someone.
Besides having a basic meaning commonly used, the word "wink" also has another contextual meaning which is suitable with the context of the sentence (Wink, 2009). Another meaning of the word "wink" shines with an unsteady light; flash on and off by Astuti et al. (2019). This definition applies to personification expression. It implies that the night time in the lyrics because it is described at night time that the light at the city is unsteady because people there have a party together at a club or maybe in their home.
Thus, it generates the person's sense that can close one eye and open it quickly for the signal to something or someone. The existence of the basic and contextual meaning in the dictionary signals this is a conventionalized personification. The sentence (L1) is found in Human Nature song lyrics, this song explains how young people want to get experiences about their lives, their love, and freedom in this city at night; the city in this song refers to New York. So, this song is about curious or inventive human nature. In the sentence (L2), the main point that should be analyzed is the word "hold" which becomes the vehicle of the personification expression. The basic meaning of the word "hold" by Bull (2008, p. 211) is to carry something or somebody in your hands and it is related to humans.
The word "hold" has various meanings. The meaning depends on what the phrase context is. From the context of the sentence (L2), "hold" can mean to keep somebody or something in a particular position (Sayakhan, 2018;Chi Ko, 2018). Those analyses classify the sentence into conventionalized personification in which the human basic sense implies carrying something and the non-human basic sense implies that the walls cannot hold something because the walls have no hands.
The sentence of the lyrics can be found in the Human Nature song. This song explains how young people want to get experiences about their lives, their love, and freedom in this city at night, the city this song refers to in New York. So this song is about curious or inventive human nature.
The word "wait" in the sentence (L3) becomes the vehicle of conventionalized personification. The basic meaning of "wait" by Bull (2008, p. 497) is to stay where you are or delay doing something until somebody or something comes or something happens. From the definition, it signals for the human being because sometimes people will wait for something or somebody related to them. Based on the meaning, the word wait is usually leading for human characters.
The contextual meaning of "wait" that is suitable with the context is hope or watch for something to happen, especially for a long time by Bull (2008, p. 497) It is implied that heaven can wait for us humans for anything to enter it until God wants it. This sentence is found in Heaven Can Wait where it tells the story of Michael Jackson's daughter. In this song, he tells that he loves his daughter and he does not want to die because he does not want to leave his child and he says heaven can wait because he feels his child is better than heaven. He cannot imagine his child would not be sad without Michael and he hoped to be with her forever.
The word "out" in a sentence (L4) is analyzed as a personification expression. The basic meaning of the word out by Bull (2008, p. 309) is away from the inside of a place or thing; go for some fresh air; walk of the room. It is referred to as a human because the human can go out from place or thing if they feel comfortable or unlike. And the contextual meaning that suitable with the sentence is a long or particular distance away from a place or land as explained by Marlisa and Hidayat (2020). This definition implies someone moves out from one place to another place. The sentence (L4) is found in Break of Dawn song lyrics.

Novel personification
There are 20 data (30.77%) classified into novel personification. The examples of this personification type from the data are shown as below (L refers to lyrics): (L1) The time might come around (L2) Two hearts in the beat of ecstasy (L3) Share my feelings in the heat of love's embrace (L4) Cause the pain gets stronger every day In the sentence (L1), the word "come around" becomes the vehicle of personification expression. The basic meaning based on (Sayakhan, 2018;Chi Ko, 2018) is to become conscious again.
There is no contextual meaning which is suitable with the sentence, the expression of personification is the time might come around which is implies things get better when you can move from something that makes you feel pain to something new and it makes you happy. As there is no suitable contextual meaning in the dictionary, this personification is classified into novel personification. This sentence is found in Heaven Can Wait for song lyrics.
In the sentence (L2), the word "ecstasy" is the vehicle of the sentence that commonly refers to a person. The basic meaning of "ecstasy" by Nasaru (2013) is a feeling of great happiness. Based on the sentence, it is implied two people who are happy in their relationship, ecstasy in the sentence describes the happiness of the couple. As there is no contextual meaning, this sentence is classified into novel personification, the sentence can be found in The Lady in My Lifesong lyrics. This song tells about a man who has a woman he cares about. He wants her to stay with him forever and he will love her more every day.
In the sentence (L3), the word "embrace" is a personification expression. The basic meaning of "embrace" is to take somebody into your arms as a sign of affection. From the definition, it is referred to a person because it is something that person. Since there is no contextual meaning that matches the context, this means it can be classified as novel personification. The sentence (L3) can be found in Baby be my song lyrics, the songwriter wants to tell a story about a girl and he wants the girl to be his no matter what.
The word "stronger" in the sentence (L4) can be analyzed as a personification expression. Bull (2008, p. 441) said the basic meaning "stronger" is having great power, it is clear refers to humans because it is implied to person's character. The contextual meaning does not exist because there is no definition that suitable for the sentence. And this sentence (L4) found in the Don't Walk Away song lyrics, this song is about breaking up, heartbreak, and broken dreams. In the song the man is disappointed and almost begging the woman not to end their relationship and walk away from him, their relationship is beautiful but sad at the same time.

Default personification
There are 12 data (18.46%) classified into default personification. The examples of this personification type from the data are shown as below (L refers to lyrics): (L1) Wherever she goes I know my eyes follow (L2) Stop maliciously attacking my integrity (L3) You start to freeze as horror looks you right between your eyes (L4) There's no sun up in the sky Sentence (L1), the word "follow" is the human basic sense that consists of personification expression. The basic meaning by Picken (2007) is to come or go after somebody or something. This word can be applied not only for humans but also for an animal, this shown by giving examples of animals as tenors in this definition. The implication of the word "follow" which can be used by both the animal and the human signals this personification classified into default personification. The author imagines the purpose of following in the context of sentences is that the man's eyes follow wherever the woman goes because he knows how she is.
The sentence can be found in Heartbreaker song lyrics. This song is about Michael Jackson, a girl seducing him and tricking him into falling in love with her. She is playing him and stringing him along, and Michael Jackson falling in love with her. But it turns out she is not interested in love and romance, she just wants to mess around with him and that made Michael feel hurt.
In sentence (L2), the word "attacking or attack" is a human basic sense that consists of personification expression. The basic meaning by Astuti et al. (2019) is an attempt to hurt or defeat somebody or something using force. This word can be applied not only for human but also for the animal, from the definition, the word using force can make context that human and animal in general. In the sentence (L2) create an image about attack something inside him, and the meaning from the word "attack" signals default personification. The basic meaning of attack is attempted to hurt or defeat by using power while the contextual meaning has a harmful effect.
The sentence can be found in the lyrics of the song Privacy, this song is about Michael Jackson. Offensively, this song is about him feeling persecuted by the press and he wants to stop being threatened or followed by tabloids, paparazzi, and those who lie about money. This song shows his depression and anger and wants his life in privacy.
In sentence (L3), the word "looks" is a personification expression. The basic meaning of looks by Bull (2008, p. 260) is to turn your eyes in a particular direction, this word can be applied both of human and animals. The contextual meaning implies the horror makes you freeze because horror looks you right between your eyes, but the researcher imagines horror looks are only emotion and cannot look at you, and in the song, the setting is very horrific. This sentence found in Thriller's song lyric and tells about the genre of thriller and things that happen in the supernatural world. The addressee is someone who is going through a terrifying experience.
The word "up" in the sentence (L4) is a personification expression. The basic meaning of heaven is towards or in a higher position, since it is commonly used for humans and animals it is a signal for default personification (Yusuf & Yusuf, 2014). Based on the context of the sentence, the contextual meaning of up does not mean the sun up, it implies the sun rises in the sky. This sentence is found in Break of Dawn song lyrics.

Discussion
The researcher discussed the type of personification used in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums by using the framework based on Dorst et al. (2011) that conclude the types of personification into four types. The first type is conventionalized personification, the second is novel personification, the third is default personification and the last one is personification with metonymy.
As a result, there are four types of personification, however, in the albums, the researcher only found 3 from 4 types of personification. The researcher found conventionalized personification based on Dorst et al. (2011) explanation. It is informed that the word or sentence that contains conventionalized appears if the meaning of human basic sense and distinct non-human contextual sense can be found in the dictionary. Novel personification based on Astuti et al.'s (2019) explanation can be found in the meaning from the word or sentence were in the dictionary but the nonhuman contextual sense rarely occurs. The rationale reason is that non-human relational meaning cannot be easily understood by the dictionary. The researcher comprehends the situation of the word or sentence to analyzed novel personification. Fata et al. (2018) explained that default personification merely be found in the basic sense of humanity can be interpreted as human or animate or general things. The meaning of humans must be defined in the dictionary, while general information tells us that the word can also refer to animals. And the last type is personification-withmetonymy it is can be found in a word or sentence that has not only personification but also metonymy in it. This finding is in line with (Palupiningtyas, 2013;Fata et al., 2018;Rabbani, 2016;Muliawati et al., 2019) revealing that personification and metonymy do not occur at the same time.
From the analysis, conventionalized personification is the most used in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums because people can easily understand this type since this type is commonly used in everyday life, and the least used personification is novel personification and default personification. The highest percentage belongs to conventionalized personification (50.77%) followed by novel personification (30.77%), default personification (18.46%) and the last with zero data is personification-withmetonymy (0%). The types of personification that are not found in the analysis are personification-with-metonymy, this type is rarely found because there are not many sentences that contain personification but there is also metonymy in it, and in this album, the researcher did not find this type of personification. It is shown from the results of the analysis that not every type of personification has been found in Thriller and Invincible albums by Michael Jackson.

Conclusion
The purpose of this research was to find out the types of personification found in Michael Jackson's Thriller and Invincible albums. According to the result, there is 65 personification found in the albums, in this research only one type was not found in the albums. There are three types of personification that most commonly found in the albums that are conventionalized personification, novel personification, and default personification. Meanwhile, personification-with-metonymy was not found. It is merely concluded that personification occurred mostly used conventionalized personification in the album and it is shown in the lyrics. Concerning personification and English teaching materials, these lyrics are a rationale to have it for teaching literature at schools.
In regards to English song and figurative language, these songs are assumed to be one of alternative in teaching English to motivate and encourage students to listen some figurative languages in context of lyrics. It is hoped can boost students' enthusiasm in the future while studying English. These lyrics have no sarcasm context so that it is believed a good source in literature.
Besides, the results of this study have several weaknesses and obstacles in analyzing data. The first obstacle is determining the personification contained in these two albums. The second obstacle is the difficulty of distinguishing between one type and the others. And the suggestion for a future researcher is to consider the language of the subject being studied so that forms of personification can be identified more easily. Therefore, the difference between all existing forms of personification must be understood.