ANALYSIS ON FATWA OF MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN ULAMA ACEH (MPU) ON AGAINST PROHIBITION OF PUBG: A LEGAL VIEW BASED ON MASLAHAH AND MAFSADAH

Fatwa has the most important role to play in the development of society from time to time, and without exception Indonesia as a nation with the largest Muslim majority which requires the role of fatwa surely in order to dealt with or adapt to new issues. For instance, the recent fatwa issued by the Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh on the prohibition of PUBG caused by an incident of terrorist attacks to the Muslim community in New Zealand. Therefore, the aims of this study is to analyse the fatwa issued by Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceg regarding the status haram of the PUBG based on the findins of Islamic principles, maslahah dan mafsadah. Particularly, the objectives of this research are as follows: 1). To explain the factors behind the Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh in issuing a forbidden fatwa for the PUBG. 2). To describe the arguments or judgments that became the foundation of Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh regarding their fatwa. 3). To analyse the haram fatwa against PUBG issued by Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh through the concept of masalah and mafsadah.


A. INTRODUCTION
The modern era has given rise to global and massive technological and scientific advancements. Technology and science penetrate all aspect of human life in which the Internet seems to be one. The Internet allows unlimited access to the virtual world with abundant data and information. Indeed, now the games have gone online and are rapidly being played from day after day. Currently, Internet-connected games are called online games. 1 In recent decades, online games have progressed very rapidly towards a massive commodity, which is not only played by a single player, but also by two or more players.
Today, a player somewhere can play with another player in different places, and indeed the games can be played by multiple players across different countries, nations and languages at the same time. 2 A Dutch game addict, named Tim, said that he has no friend due to spending time playing a game. Relationship with his family is also a mess. He stays in a room equipped with 4 televisions, an X-Box 360 console machine, a PlayStation 2, an X-Box 1, and a laptop to play online games. He has been a game addict for 17 years and only has friends in cyberspace. 3 Online games bring up a different fantasy between the virtual and the real world.
Although the different fantasy between the two worlds seems to be unrelated, according to Ayu Rini (2011), the fantasy of the virtual world has a significant impact on the real world.
Online games can be a fantasy where we can move to the best of our ability. The world has its own rules for interacting with others. In general, the rules of the game are established for mutual enjoyment. No wonder many people are much happier in the online gaming world than in the offline world. The fantasy of online games does not only grow among children, but also adults. Children are in fact more imaginative individuals than adults who are more realistic in their view of life. However, in some cases, online games have become increasingly dangerous fantasies for adults. 4 Games are no longer considered a commodity for only kids. In fact, the major market of the game industry is adolescents. There is a variety of games. Indeed, some games are specifically intended for adults due to their contents and difficulty levels, and because statistically, the average age of the players ranges from 12 to 35 years. 5 At this stage, adults who are addicted to online games express the extreme side of their real-world life. Such extreme personality sides can be reflected in two things, first the tendency to be passive, and second, the tendency to be apathetic towards real life and increasing aggressive behavior that shows sarcasm (violence attitude). 6 In this paper, the authors focus on the second extreme personality, namely sarcasm.
Online games that belong to the category of sarcasm are those that display a lot of bloodshed and damages. Typically, this game presents various kinds of weapons, such as sharp weapons and firearms that are used to injure or even to kill. Players usually use the weapons and firearms during the game while expressing profanity, a kind of verbal aggression of shouting a dirty words loudly, to vent all emotions when they target their enemies. The louder the words come out, the more satisfied the gamers in expressing their actions in cyberspace. If this occurs continuously and coupled with addictive behavior, it can bring serious problems to personality of the players. 7 One of online game that presents sharp weapons and firearms is Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG). PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (often abbreviated as PUBG) is a multiple-player battle royale game, where a player can play online with up to 100 people at once. In this game, the players can play solo, a team of 2 people, and a team of 4 people, and can invite friends to join the game as a team. PlayerUnknown This beats the record of Dota 2 players at the same time which reaches 842,919. 8 There has been a discussion specifically about Islamic legal view on the PUBG online game that was managed by the Ulema Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh, which motivates the authors to conduct further studies as well, in order to build a comprehensive understanding.

B. RESEARCH METHODS
The authors use qualitative method which is frequently employed as the basis of research assumptions in the fields of Shari'a, social sciences, and humanities. Qualitative research is aimed at knowledge construction through discovery and understanding of situations, both textually and contextually. Qualitative research seeks to investigate a social phenomenon arising from the cause of a case including values and norms of society, and even problems that arise within human life. Using the qualitative method, the authors try to make a constructive, complex, detailed report, analyzing the word from the perspective of several respondents and exploratory studies on natural situations. 9 Scientific research categorized as library research plays a crucial rule in the entire set of research methodologies. Literature research has several objectives, such as: linking research with various existing literature that fits the research theme, informing the audience about the results of the other research conducted at the same time with similar topics, and filling the gaps of previous studies. 10 The literature review is intended to summarize and interpret theories and concepts which is related to ongoing research. 11 With regard to ongoing research, the authors try to connect the fatwa of the Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama Aceh (MPU) No. 3 of 2019 on the Law of the Unknown Player's Battlegrounds (PUBG) and alike, based on library research by considering two things, namely maslahah, the benefits obtained when playing the game and, mafsadah, damage that occurs following playing PUBG games. The discussion that involves such aspects is expected to produce a more constructive study than previous studies.

Islamic Perspectives about Entertainments and Games
Games are a kind of entertainment and a mean for refreshment ) ‫اﻟﱰوﻩ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻬﻮ‬ ( . Initially, Islam Originally, Islam ordered its followers to devote their entire lives solely to the worship of Allah and this becomes the basic principle of human creation as Allah says in the Quran "And I did not create the jinn and the humans except to worship Me." (QS. Adz Dzariyat: 56). From this, Islam obliges its followers to obey whatever God orders and avoid whatever the God prohibits, Allah SWT says, "So fear God, and obey me." (QS. Asy-Syuara: 108) and he says, "But whoever disobeys God and His Messenger, and oversteps His bounds, He will admit him into a Fire, wherein he abides forever, and he will have a shameful punishment."(QS. An-Nisa: 14).
Islam is a religion that respects both the objective and the concrete realities that occur around human life or within human beings themselves; it is called al-Islam din wâqi'iy. 12 It is human nature to love beauty, magnificence, good looks, delicacy, intellect, and entertainment to relieve tiredness or boredom, and so on. Islam then does not prohibit such things 13 as Allah says, "And there is beauty in them for you, when you bring them home, and when you drive them to pasture." (QS. An-Nahl: 6), and He says, "O Children of Adam! Dress properly at every place of worship, and eat and drink, but do not be excessive. He does not love the excessive." (QS. Al-A'raf: 31). According to Islam, originally a game is permissible unless there is a daleel (textual evidence) that clearly prohibits it. In case, no daleel forbid, it will return to the basic law of permissibe. This refers to the principle of fiqh 14 :

‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮﱘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ‬
Which means: "Basically all things are lawful unless evidence (daleel) forbids it." Essentially every type of game, either available on the computer or accessible online contains any benefits and disadvantages. Therefore, we cannot deny that many types of games have advantages for individuals such as educational games that are used mainly for learning aid. However, there are also many games available on the computer or accessible online that contains harmful and destructive elements such as violence, brutality, sexuality, hate speech, and so on. This is extremely dangerous to anyone and we must be aware of whether Islam allows or prohibits it. 15 Therefore, not all types of games are permissible in Islam and Islam only allow types of games that conform to the Shari'a values and do not lead to harm such as educational games, games for health or games that contain other good moral values. Games that have harmful elements and carry any harm to people are highly prohibited in Islam. 16 Yusuf al-Qardhawi in his book, Fiqhu al-Lahwi wa al-Tarwihi, classifies various types of entertainment or games that are discouraged in Islam as follows: 17 a. Games or entertainments that contain violence such as boxing or shooting because they contain elements of self-harm and others. b. Games or entertainments that depict women's awrah or nakedness in front of non-Mahram men such as swimming or wrestling. c. Games or entertainments that contain magic and gambling. d. Games or entertainments that contain violence against animals like chicken coop. e. Games or entertainment intended to mock or humiliate a person, group, or religion. f. Games or entertainments that lead to excess and extravagance.

The Concept of Maslahah and Mafsadah
Islamic law is proposed to achieve maslahah, both maslahah in the world and in the hereafter. Therefore, every permission or prohibition in Shari'ah is essentially intended to reach Shari'a objective as the principle ‫اﳌﻔﺎﺳﺪ‬ ‫ودرء‬ ‫اﳌﺼﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬ which means securing benefits and avoiding harms. Thus, Islamic law as a whole ends up in maslahah, which can be a form of removing al-mafsadah and may be an embodiment of al-maslahah or benefits. In other words, no law has any element of al-madarrah

ANALYSIS ON FATWA OF MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN ULAMA ACEH (MPU) ON AGAINST PROHIBITION OF PUBG: A LEGAL VIEW BASED ON MASLAHAH AND MAFSADAH
Vol. 20. No. 2, Agustus 2020 |187 but to abstain and no law contains elements of al-maslahah but to achieve. 18 Therefore, Shari'ah is based on maslahah for humans which is the aim of bringing benefits and preventing harms. In fact, Islamic law is perfectly compatible with current development in time and place from time to time. 19 However, the maslahah does not mean Shari'ah because not all good deeds from a human point of view can be considered a maslahah if they contradict to Shari'ah, but every Shari'ah has maslahah. 20 Thus, maslahah in Islamic law is one of the most definitive arguments among scholars, and the most important is the use of the method in ijtihad. However, basically all the purpose of the law is maslahah. This is because sometimes maslahah becomes a daleel and a method of ijtihad, sometimes also becomes a legal purpose, or becomes both at the same time. In addition, maslahah is a term that is often discussed when it comes to Islamic law because it is primary objective of Shari'ah

(Maqasid Shari'ah). 21
Maslahah is Masdar (verbal noun) of ‫ﺻﻠﺢ‬ which is the opposite of ‫ﻓﺴﺎد‬ (harms) and maslahah literarly means removing harms. 22 According to Bahasa Indonesia dictionary, maslahah means something that brings goodness, advantages, and benefits. 23 As suggested in Dhawabit al-Fii as-Shariah al-Islamiyyah, maslahah also means benefits. 24 Thus, from the above definition we can conclude that maslahah by language means that anything brings goods or benefits to humans. In addition, all kinds of goodness that are associated with humans are considered as maslahah even though they do not outwardly bring goodness to humans. 25 As for definition of maslahah in terms of epistemology, the previous scholars gave their definitions as the followings. 18 Johari,Jurnal Episteme,Vol. 8,No.  Which means: an act that continuously brings goodness and benefits to both people and the individual.
From all the definitions outlined by the scholars above, we can draw the conclusion that the term maslahah covers all things or acts that bring about any goodness and benefits with compliance to the five objective Shari'ah, namely protection of religion, life, intellects, lineage, and property.
Furthermore, when discussing mafsadah we find that some scholars discuss the issue of mafsadah directly along with the concept of maslahah. Based on the definition of mafsadah given by the scholars above, it can be concluded that mafsadah is any act that causes harm and loss of benefit that threatens five essentials (religion, life, intellect, posterity, and property), which happens to either the majority of humans or individuals. In addition, preventing mafsadah is seen as maslahah. 36

Haram Fatwa against PUBG Issued by Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama Aceh (MPU)
Recently, the world, especially Muslims, were shocked by the incidents of attacks and brutal (maslahah) and the principle of 52 ‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪر‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮر‬ which means harms are prevented wherever possible.
For example allowing users especially kids to play PUBG and other similar battle games train the kids to be "killers", because PUBG teaches its players how to use sharp weapons, firearms, and displays harrasments, brutality, violence, and more. 53 Thus, we should avoid the harms resulted by PUBG. Even though originally everything is permissible according to Islamic law, if the game contains and brings more and bigger harms then the law changes; it becomes prohibited. 54 In addition, the authors found that the haram fatwa against PUBG became the only haram fatwa issued by the MPU of Aceh. In other word, we did not find haram fatwa on similar theme, except the fatwa of MPU Aceh. Haram fatwa of PUBG can also be a reference for other parties in other countries to produce similar fatwa to prevent harms caused by PUBG and to gain larger benefits for safety of people and countries as this becomes the basis to prohibit PUBG in China.

D. CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion of the Fatwa Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh about the haram status of PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG), we can conclude that the game brings more harms than benefits. Therefore, the haram fatwa of PUBG that has been issued by the MPU of Aceh has been right to prevent any harm or damage that may result from it. The damage is not only physical, but also psychological and mental damage. Islam are always trying to preserve a wide range of maslahah, such as intellectual, property, posterity, life and most importantly religion.
The authors suggest future research to be remain objective in analyzing the dynamics of legal changes, particularly on the game-themed issues, because basically, a game is originally permissible (changed) unless an evidence indicate that it is prohibited. As general advice to the public, haram fatwa against PUBG game issued by Ulama Consultative Assembly (MPU) of Aceh can be used as Shar'i legal guidelines until government imposes regulations and policies that accommodate the game into a positive activity that makes further advance for religion, civilization and the nation.