OPTIMASI ELEKTRODA PASTA KARBON (EPK) TERMODIFIKASI DALAM PENGUKURAN BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT)

Ahmad Ma'ruf

Abstract


BHT as an antioxidant is essential because it can prevent the rate of oxidative reactions from organic compounds present in the product. However, the use of BHT can have harmful effects on health because it can trigger a carcinogenic reaction. Therefore, precise and accurate instruments are needed to measure BHT concentrations. Carbon paste electrode is a renewable material that can analyze a compound currently being developed and attracts much attention. EPK has a stable response, low electrical resistance, a quickly renewable surface for electron exchange, and can be adapted for various chemical compound detection applications. EPK modified with MIP has high chemical and physical stability, an inexpensive preparation process, excellent selectivity, and sensitivity but also a fast response to the target compound. This study aims to improve the performance of MIP-modified EPK to measure BHT optimally in terms of pH, concentration, and solution components. Optimization of EPK in BHT measurement was carried out using an experimental method using voltammetry with the CV technique. The optimum composition obtained is 1:3, the optimum cycle for electropolymerization is five cycles, and the optimum pH for BHT measurement is pH 5 with a peak oxidation current of 18,937 µA. EPK-MIP optimization results obtained can be used to measure BHT with optimal performance.


Keywords


carbon paste electrode, polymerly imprinted polymer, butylated hydroxytoluene, voltammetry, optimization

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdel‐Haleem, F. M., Salah, A., Rizk, M. S., Moustafa, H., Bechelany, M., & Barhoum, A. (2019). Carbon‐based Nanosensors for Salicylate Determination in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Electroanalysis, 31(4), 778-789.

Ahmad, H., Sharma, R., Mansour, A., & Awasthi, Y. C. (1992). t-Butylated hydroxytoluene enhances intracellular levels of glutathione and related enzymes of rat lens in vitro organ culture. Experimental eye research, 54(1), 41-48.

Ahmad, O. S., Bedwell, T. S., Esen, C., Garcia-Cruz, A., & Piletsky, S. A. (2019). Molecularly imprinted polymers in electrochemical and optical sensors. Trends in biotechnology, 37(3), 294-309.

Arabhalvaei, N., Soleymanpour, A., & Shafaatian, B. (2022). Highly sensitive carbon paste electrode modified with a synthesized ferrocenyl Schiff base for trace determination of Ce (III) in real samples. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 69(2), 339-348.

Beyazit, S., Bui, B. T. S., Haupt, K., & Gonzato, C. (2016). Molecularly imprinted polymer nanomaterials and nanocomposites by controlled/living radical polymerization. Progress in Polymer Science, 62, 1-21.

Botterweck, A. A., Verhagen, H., Goldbohm, R. A., Kleinjans, J., & Van den Brandt, P. A. (2000). Intake of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and stomach cancer risk: results from analyses in the Netherlands cohort study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38(7), 599-605.

BPOM. (2019). Bahan Tambahan Pangan [Food Additives]. Jakarta: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan.

Darmokoesoemo, H., Khasanah, M., Widayanti, N., Kadmi, Y., Elmsellem, H., & Kusuma, H. S. (2017). Development of carbon paste electrodes modified by molecularly imprinted polymer as potentiometry sensor of uric acid. Results in Physics, 7, 1833-1844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.05.013

Darmokoesoemo, H., Khasanah, M., Sari, N. M, Kadmi, Y., Elmsellem, H., dan Kusuma, H. S. (2017). Development of electrode carbon paste modified by molecularly imprinted polymer as sensor for analysis of creatinine by potentiometric, Results in Physics, 1808 – 1817.

de Oliveira Neto, J. R., Rezende, S. G., Lobón, G. S., Garcia, T. A., Macedo, I. Y. L., Garcia, L. F., ... & de Souza Gil, E. (2017). Electroanalysis and laccase-based biosensor on the determination of phenolic content and antioxidant power of honey samples. Food Chemistry, 237, 1118-1123.

Elfadil, D., Lamaoui, A., Della Pelle, F., Amine, A., & Compagnone, D. (2021). Molecularly imprinted polymers combined with electrochemical sensors for food contaminants analysis. Molecules, 26(15), 4607.

Faradilla, P., Setiyanto, H., Manurung, R. V., & Saraswaty, V. (2022). Electrochemical sensor based on screen printed carbon electrode–zinc oxide nano particles/molecularly imprinted-polymer (SPCE–ZnONPs/MIP) for detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). RSC advances, 12(2), 743-752.

Jiao, Y., Kilmartin, P. A., Fan, M., & Quek, S. Y. (2018). Assessment of phenolic contributors to antioxidant activity of new kiwifruit cultivars using cyclic voltammetry combined with HPLC. Food Chemistry, 268, 77-85.

Karimian, N., Stortini, A. M., Moretto, L. M., Costantino, C., Bogialli, S., & Ugo, P. (2018). Electrochemosensor for trace analysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate in water based on a molecularly imprinted poly (o-phenylenediamine) polymer. ACS sensors, 3(7), 1291-1298.

Khalafi, L., & Rafiee, M. (2017). Cyclic Voltammetry. Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313673407_Cyclic_Voltammetry

Kupfer, R., Dwyer-Nield, L. D., Malkinson, A. M., & Thompson, J. A. (2002). Lung toxicity and tumor promotion by hydroxylated derivatives of 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-6-iso-propylphenol: correlation with quinone methide reactivity. Chemical research in toxicology, 15(8), 1106-1112.

Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT (1). International journal of toxicology, 21, 19-94.

Liang, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, W., Li, Z., Souders II, C. L., & Martyniuk, C. J. (2020). Butylated hydroxytoluene induces hyperactivity and alters dopamine-related gene expression in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Pollution, 257, 113624.

Liu, R., & Mabury, S. A. (2018). Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and transformation products in human sera from United States donors. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 5(7), 419-423.

Mostafiz, B., Bigdeli, S. A., Banan, K., Afsharara, H., Hatamabadi, D., Mousavi, P., & Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh, F. (2021). Molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon paste electrode (MIP-CPE)-based sensors for the sensitive detection of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants: A review. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 32, e00144.

Nagai, F., Ushiyama, K., & Kano, I. (1993). DNA cleavage by metabolites of butylated hydroxytoluene. Archives of toxicology, 67(8), 552-557.

Naseri, M., Fotouhi, L., & Ehsani, A. (2018). Recent Progress in the development of conducting polymer‐based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors applications: a mini‐review. The Chemical Record, 18(6), 599-618.

Özcan, L., & Şahin, Y. (2007). Determination of paracetamol based on electropolymerized-molecularly imprinted polypyrrole modified pencil graphite electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 127(2), 362-369.

Ramanavicius, S., & Ramanavicius, A. (2020). Conducting polymers in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Polymers, 13(1), 49.

Shekarchizadeh, H., Ensafi, A. A., & Kadivar, M. (2013). Selective determination of sucrose based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer modified multiwall carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon electrode. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33(6), 3553-3561.

Skoog, H. N. (1997). Principal of Instrumental Analysis. Brooks: Canada, 7th edition, 640 – 644.

Takeda, Y., Kanai, M., Hatano, A., Yoshimi, Y., & Kida, M. (2020). A “single-use” ceramic-based electrochemical sensor chip using molecularly imprinted carbon paste electrode. Sensors, 20(20), 5847.

Wang, W., & Kannan, K. (2019). Quantitative identification of and exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants, including butylated hydroxytoluene, in urine. Environment international, 128, 24-29.

Wu, D., Li, H., Xue, X., Fan, H., Xin, Q., dan Wei, Q. (2013). Sensitive and selective determination of dopamine by electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine, Analytical Method, 5, 1469 – 1473.

Wulff, G. (2013). Fourty years of molecular imprinting in synthetic polymers: origin, features and perspectives. Microchimica acta, 180(15), 1359-1370.

Yehye, W. A., Rahman, N. A., Ariffin, A., Abd Hamid, S. B., Alhadi, A. A., Kadir, F. A., & Yaeghoobi, M. (2015). Understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): A review. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 101, 295-312.

Zhao, L., Zhao, F., & Zeng, B. (2013). Electrochemical determination of methyl parathion using a molecularly imprinted polymer–ionic liquid–graphene composite film coated electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 176, 818-824.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/lj.v10i2.14551

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Ahmad Ma'ruf

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

INDEXED IN