STUDI KINETIKA DAN KINERJA FOTODEGRADASI METILEN BIRU OLEH KOMPOSIT TIO2/ELECTROCHEMICALLY EXFOLIATED GRAPHENE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22373/y4qjxd74Keywords:
photocatalysis, methylene blue, TiO2, electrochemically exfoliated graphene, sunlight, kineticsAbstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a persistent cationic dye that contributes to water pollution due to its high chemical stability and resistance to natural degradation. This study aims to evaluate and compare the photocatalytic degradation performance and kinetic behavior of TiO2/electrochemically exfoliated graphene (TiO2/EEG) and TiO2 pigment under direct sunlight irradiation. The TiO2/EEG composite was synthesized through a simple direct-mixing method, chosen for its practicality and ability to facilitate effective interfacial contact between TiO2 and EEG. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O–H, C–O, and Ti–O–C functional groups, indicating chemical interactions between TiO2 and EEG. Photocatalytic degradation was monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy over a 0–75 minutes irradiation period. After 60 minutes, TiO2/EEG degraded 78.55% of MB, whereas TiO₂ achieved 32.51%. The degradation followed a pseudo–first-order kinetic model, with rate constants of 0.01575 min⁻¹ for TiO2/EEG and 0.00342 min⁻¹ for TiO2, demonstrating that the composite accelerates MB degradation approximately five times faster. This enhancement is attributed to improved charge separation, higher adsorption capacity, and more efficient electron transfer facilitated by EEG. Although sunlight intensity was not controlled, the substantial performance gap confirms the potential of TiO2/EEG as an efficient, sunlight-driven photocatalyst for sustainable wastewater treatment
References
Almeida, N. A., Martins, P. M., Teixeira, S., Lopes da Silva, J. A., Sencadas, V., Kühn, K., Cuniberti, G., Lanceros-Mendez, S., & Marques, P. A. A. P. (2016). TiO2/graphene oxide immobilized in P(VDF-TrFE) electrospun membranes with enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic performance. Journal of Materials Science, 51(14), 6974–6986.
Bahrudin, N. N. (2022). Evaluation of degradation kinetic and photostability of immobilized TiO2/activated carbon bilayer photocatalyst for phenol removal. Applied Surface Science Advances, 7, 100208.
Boughrara, L., Zaoui, F., Guezzoul, M., Sebba, F. Z., Bounaceur, B., & Kada, S. O. (2022). New alginic acid derivatives ester for methylene blue dye adsorption: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 205, 651–663.
D. Tran, H., Quan Nguyen, D., T. Do, P., & P. Tran, U. N. (2023). Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds: A mini-review and new approach.
Estrella-Pajulas, L. L., & Gamala, B. J. I. (2024). A review on the synthesis, characterization, and recent advancements of visible light-activated C-TiO2 nanomaterials for environmental remediation. Next Nanotechnology, 6, 100082.
Farghaly, A., Maher, E., Gad, A., & El-Bery, H. (2024). Synergistic photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using TiO2 composites with activated carbon and reduced graphene oxide: A kinetic and mechanistic study. Applied Water Science, 14(10), 228.
Fatya, A. I., Reza, M., Sunarya, R. R., & Suendo, V. (2020). Synthesis of polyaniline/electrochemically exfoliated graphene composite as counter-electrode in dye-sensitized solar cell. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 59(12), 1370–1378.
Fauziah, N., Silmi, N., Nugroho, F. G., Putra, K. L. H., Benu, D. P., Steky, F. V., Sunarya, R. R., Yuliarto, B., Hidayat, R., & Suendo, V. (2023). Ultrasonication-modified electrochemically exfoliated graphene for counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. Carbon Trends, 12, 1–12.
Hong, J., Cho, K.-H., Presser, V., & Su, X. (2022). Recent advances in wastewater treatment using semiconductor photocatalysts. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 36, 100644.
Jaramillo-Fierro, X., & Cuenca, G. (2024). Enhancing Methylene Blue Removal through Adsorption and Photocatalysis—A Study on the GO/ZnTiO3/TiO2 Composite. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(8), Article 8.
Khan, F., Khan, M. S., Kamal, S., Arshad, M., Ahmad, S. I., & Nami, S. A. A. (2020). Recent advances in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide based nanocomposites for the photodegradation of dyes. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 8(45), 15940–15955.
Kumar, A., Raorane, C. J., Syed, A., Bahkali, A. H., Elgorban, A. M., Raj, V., & Kim, S. C. (2023). Synthesis of TiO2, TiO2/PAni, TiO2/PAni/GO nanocomposites and photodegradation of anionic dyes Rose Bengal and thymol blue in visible light. Environmental Research, 216, 114741.
Lertthanaphol, N., Pienutsa, N., Chusri, K., Sornsuchat, T., Chanthara, P., Seeharaj, P., Kim-Lohsoontorn, P., & Srinives, S. (2021). One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Precious Metal-Doped Titanium Dioxide–Graphene Oxide Composites for Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol. ACS Omega, 6(51), 35769–35779.
Liu, F., Wang, C., Sui, X., Riaz, M. A., Xu, M., Wei, L., & Chen, Y. (2019). Synthesis of graphene materials by electrochemical exfoliation: Recent progress and future potential. Carbon Energy, 1(2), 173–199.
Oladoye, P. O., Ajiboye, T. O., Omotola, E. O., & Oyewola, O. J. (2022). Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater. Results in Engineering, 16, 100678.
Ramalingam, G., Perumal, N., Priya, A. K., & Rajendran, S. (2022). A review of graphene-based semiconductors for photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater. Chemosphere, 300, 134391.
Rana, K., Kaur, H., Singh, N., Sithole, T., & Siwal, S. S. (2024). Graphene-based materials: Unravelling its impact in wastewater treatment for sustainable environments. Next Materials, 3, 100107.
Sha, M. S., Anwar, H., Musthafa, F. N., Al-Lohedan, H., Alfarwati, S., Rajabathar, J. R., Alahmad, J. K., Cabibihan, J.-J., Karnan, M., & Sadasivuni, K. K. (2024). Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) | Scientific Reports. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–14.
Sharma, A., & Lee, B.-K. (2016). Integrated ternary nanocomposite of TiO2/NiO/reduced graphene oxide as a visible light photocatalyst for efficient degradation of o-chlorophenol. Journal of Environmental Management, 181, 563–573.
Sharma, S. K., Sokhi, S., Balomajumder, C., & Satapathi, S. (2017). Reusable graphene oxide nanofibers for enhanced photocatalytic activity: A detailed mechanistic study. Journal of Materials Science, 52(9), 5390–5403.
Umrao, S., Sharma, P., Bansal, A., Sinha, R., Singh, R. K., & Srivastava, A. (2015). Multi-layered graphene quantum dots derived photodegradation mechanism of methylene blue. RSC Advances, 5(64), 51790–51798.
Xia, Z., Bellani, V., Sun, J., & Palermo, V. (2021). Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in H2SO4, Li2SO4 and NaClO4 solutions monitored in situ by Raman microscopy and spectroscopy. Faraday Discussions, 227(0), 291–305.
Yang, S., Ricciardulli, A. G., Liu, S., Dong, R., Lohe, M. R., Becker, A., Squillaci, M. A., Samorì, P., Müllen, K., & Feng, X. (2017). Ultrafast Delamination of Graphite into High-Quality Graphene Using Alternating Currents. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 56(23), 6669–6675.
Yaqoob, A. A., Noor, N. H. binti M., Umar, K., Adnan, R., Ibrahim, M. N. M., & Rashid, M. (2021). Graphene oxide–ZnO nanocomposite: An efficient visible light photocatalyst for degradation of rhodamine B. Applied Nanoscience, 11(4), 1291–1302.
Yin, Y., Pang, J., Wang, J., Lu, X., Hao, Q., Saei Ghareh Naz, E., Zhou, X., Ma, L., & Schmidt, O. G. (2019). Graphene-Activated Optoplasmonic Nanomembrane Cavities for Photodegradation Detection. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11(17), 15891–15897.
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Zhang, D., Shao, X., Zhang, T., Wu, R., & Ji, X. (2023). High-Performance Integrated rGO-[Polymeric Ionic Liquid] [Heteropolyanions] for Catalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes. Langmuir, 39(2), 739–749.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alvian Ikhsanul Fatya, Ahmad Raihan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access Authors who publish with Lantanida Journal agree to the following terms: a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
