The Women’s Rights in Divorce and Gender Equality Discourse in The Dynamics of Divorce in Madura

Maimun Maimun

doi:10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.12804

The Women’s Rights in Divorce and Gender Equality Discourse in The Dynamics of Divorce in Madura

Maimun Maimun

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamics of divorce in Madura and women's rights in divorce from a gender perspective. There are three main issues addressed in this study, those are the dynamics of divorce in Madura, women's rights in divorce, and gender equalities. This study is field research with a qualitative approach. The data used comes from primary data and secondary data. By conducting an in-depth analysis based on the sociological theory of gender, particularly Talcott Parson's theory of structural feminism, this study found some findings; firstly, the number of divorces, either from talaq divorce or judicial divorce, in Madura in the last five years has increased. This is because of the decline in ethics such as polygamy without the permission of the first wife, the low-income factor, the presence of a third party either due to parental interference or infidelity with other people, and disharmony due to disputes and differences of opinion; secondly, the number of divorce cases in Madura in the last five years has been dominated by judicial divorce rather than talaq divorce. In 2021, the percentage of judicial divorce compared to talaq divorce is around 73.04% to 26.96%, meanwhile, in 2020, this ratio was only 25.49% to 74.51%. Besides, in 2019, this was about 67.63% to 32.39%, in 2018 it reached 64.23% to 35.77%, and in 2017 it was about 67.18% to 2.82%; thirdly, the phenomenon of increasing divorce by law in Madura indicates that there has been a shift in perception among women about the meaning of divorce, as a response to the presence of legislation that provides room for legitimacy for women to file for divorce. In the perspective of contemporary feminism, the space for legitimacy contains the meaning of gender equality, and the patriarchal culture begins to collapse which has long been attached to the social system of the Madurese community.

Keywords

Women’s rights in divorce, gender equality, patriarchy, the dynamics, Madura

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdurrahman. Sejarah Madura Selayang Pandang. Sumenep: tanpa penerbit, 1971.

Abubakar, Muzakkir. “Meningkatnya Cerai Gugat Pada Mahkamah Syar’iyah.” Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 22, no. 2 (August 16, 2020): 302–22. https://doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v22i2.16103.

Adamczyk, Amy, and Brittany E. Hayes. “Religion and Sexual Behaviors: Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage.” American Sociological Review 77, no. 5 (October 2012): 723–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412458672.

Akbar, Gagarin. “Tingkat Perceraian dan Pengaruh Faktor Ekonomi di Kabupaten Karawang.” Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum De’Jure 3, no. 1 (2018): 15.

Ake, G. S. “Domestic Violence and Families: Trauma-Focused Treatment Options.” North Carolina Medical Journal 77, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 399–400. https://doi.org/10.18043/ncm.77.6.399.

A’la, Abd, and Ahwan Mukarrom. “power-knowledge Relations of, and The Elder and The Younger Madurese Muslim Scholars in Propagating Islamism in Madura: A Counter-Narrative.” Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020).

Alfieri, Alfieri. “Protecting Women from Domestic Violence: Islam, Family Law, and the State in Indonesia.” STUDIA ISLAMIKA 27 (August 1, 2020).

———. “Protecting Women from Domestic Violence: Socio-Legal Approach to CEDAW Bill in Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 27, no. 2 (August 3, 2020). https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v27i2.9408.

Andaryuni, Lilik. “Pemahaman Gender dan Tingginya Angka Cerai Gugat di Pengadilan Agama Samarinda.” Fenomena 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 155. https://doi.org/10.21093/fj.v9i2.946.

“Arti Kata Biologis - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online.” Accessed February 7, 2021. https://kbbi.web.id/biologis.

“Arti Kata Cerai - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online.” Accessed February 7, 2021. https://kbbi.web.id/cerai.

“Arti Kata Moral - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online.” Accessed February 7, 2021. https://kbbi.web.id/moral.

Bechtel, Laura. “Metatheorizing in Sociology by George Ritzer.” Mid-American Review of Sociology 17 (January 1, 1993): 51–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/23252789.

Bruinessen, Martin van. “Tarekat and Tarekat Teachers in Madurese Society”. In Across Madura Strait: The Dynamics of an Insular Society, Edited by Kees van Dijk, Huub de Jonge, and Elly Touwen- Bouwsma. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995.

Bueno, David Cababaro. Institutionalization of Gender and Development (GAD) at Columban College Inc. Olongapo City, 2017. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12379.11048.

Burhani, Ahmad Najib. “Lessons from Madura: NU, Conservatism and the 2019 Presidential Election,” no. 2019 (2019): 9.

Databoks. “Ramai RUU Ketahanan Keluarga, Berapa Angka Perceraian di Indonesia? |.” https://databoks.katadata.co.id/. Accessed February 7, 2021. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/02/20/ramai-ruu-ketahanan-keluarga-berapa-angka-perceraian-di-indonesia.

Dimbath, Oliver. “George Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology.” Soziologische Revue 37 (July 8, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1515/srsr-2014-0060.

Duderija, Adis, Alina Alak, and Kristin Hissong. “Muslim Female Religious Agency and Gender Justice in Islam,” 202–18, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045182-12.

Dzulkarnain, Iskandar. Perempuan Madura, Gender, Dan Pembangunan: Telaah Kritis Eksistensi Kebudayaan Madura Dalam Era Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Berbasis Gender. Yogyakarta: Pusat Kajian Sosiologi UTM bekerjasama dengan Anggota IKAPI, 2017.

Engineer, Asghar. “Islam, Women and Gender Justice (Shari’ah Law).” Journal of Dharma 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 183–200.

Faridatul Jannah, Umi Sumbulah. “Pernikahan Dini dan Implikasinya terhadap Kehidupan Keluarga pada Masyarakat Madura (Perspektif Hukum dan Gender).” Egalita: Jurnal Kesetaraan dan Keadilan Gende 7, no. 1 (October 11, 2012). https://doi.org/10.18860/egalita.v0i0.2113.

Ferree, Myra. “Handbook of the Sociology of Gender by Janet Saltzman Chafetz:Handbook of the Sociology of Gender.” American Journal of Sociology - AMER J SOCIOL 105 (March 1, 2000): 1484–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/210444.

Fitriawati, Hemnel, and Zainuddin Zainuddin. “Talak dalam Perspektif Fikih, Gender, dan Perlindungan Perempuan.” Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender dan Anak 15, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v15i1.3584.

Garcia, Venessa. “The Sociology of Gender,” 1–25, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315117607-1.

Gunawan, Noeranisa Adhadianty, and Nunung Nurwati. “Persepsi Masyarakat pada Perceraian.” Share : Social Work Journal 9, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 20. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v9i1.19863.

Hafidz Syahbana, Ali. “Angka Kasus Perceraian di Sumenep Terus Meningkat, Penyebab Utamanya Tak Melulu soal Perselingkuhan.” Tribun Madura, January 27, 2020. https://madura.tribunnews.com/2020/01/27/angka-kasus-perceraian-disumenepterus-meningkat-penyebab-utamanya-tak-melulu-soal-perselingkuhan.

Hak, Nora, Roslina Che Soh, Noor Ibrahim, and M. Niringjuerae. “Right of Women to Obtain Divorce under Shari’ah and Islamic Family Law of Malaysia: With Special Reference to Ta’liq and Khulu’” 6 (January 1, 2012): 286–93.

Hamdan, Nadya. “Islamic Family Law Divorce.” SSRN Electronic Journal, January 1, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2276619.

Hanim, Hamidah. “Peranan wanita dalam Islam dan feminisme barat” 12 (2020): 11.

Hannan, Abd. “Gender Dan Fenomena Patriarki Dalam Sosial Pendidikan Pesantren Studi Tentang Hegemeoni Kiai Pesantren Terhadap Sosial Pendidikan Bias Gender.” In Gender Dan Budaya Madura. Surabaya: Puslit Gender dan Budaya Madura LPPM UTM Bekerjasama dengan CV. Perwira Media Nusantara (PMN) Surabaya, 2016.

———. “Islam Moderat dan Tradisi Popular Pesantren: Strategi Penguatan Islam Moderat di Kalangan Masyarakat Madura melalui Nilai Tradisi Popular Islam Berbasis Pesantren.” Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 13, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 152. https://doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v13i2.2018.152-168.

———. “Strategi Penguatan Pembangunan Madura yang Berkelanjutan Melalui Pemberdayaan Nilai Kearifan Lokal.” SIMULACRA: JURNAL SOSIOLOGI 1, no. 1 (June 25, 2018). https://doi.org/10.21107/sml.v1i1.4982.

Hannan, Abd -. “Agama, Kekerasan, dan Kontestasi Politik Elektoral: Penggunaan Simbol Keagamaan Kiai dan Kekuasaan Blater dalam Pertarungan Politik Lokal Madura.” Jurnal Sosiologi Agama 12, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 187. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018.122-02.

Hannan, Abd, and Kudrat Abdillah. “Hegemoni Religio-Kekuasaan dan Transformasi Sosial.” Jurnal Sosial Budaya 16, no. 1 (2019): 16.

Harahab, Yulkarnain. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam dalam Perpektif Hukum Perundang-Undangan.” Mimbar Hukum 22, no. 3 (n.d.): 20.

Harahap, Rustam Dahar Karnadi Apollo. “Kesetaraan Laki-Laki dan Perempuan dalam Hukum Perkawinan Islam.” Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 8, no. 2 (May 15, 2013): 361. https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v8i2.662.

Hermanto, Agus. “Teori Gender dalam Mewujudkan Kesetaraan: Menggagas Fikih Baru.” Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 209–32. https://doi.org/10.21274/ahkam.2017.5.2.209-232.

Horii, Hoko. “Marriage, Gender and Islam in Indonesia: Women Negotiating Informal Marriage, Divorce, and Desire.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 174, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 345–47. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17402017.

Ibrahim, Malik. “Membedah Tingginya Angka Perceraian di Lingkungan Peradilan Agama dan Upaya Penanggulangannya.” Aplikasia: Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-ilmu Agama 17, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 79. https://doi.org/10.14421/aplikasia.v17i2.1379.

Imron, Ali. “Memahami Konsep Perceraian dalam Hukum Keluarga.” BUANA GENDER : Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak 1, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 15. https://doi.org/10.22515/bg.v1i1.66.

Indonesia, Editor : News. “Angka Perceraian di Sumenep Terus Meningkat, Berikut Sederet Penyebabnya » News Indonesia.” News Indonesia, January 22, 2020. https://newsindonesia.co.id/read/berita-sumenep/angka-perceraian-di-sumenep-terus-meningkat-berikut-sederet-penyebabnya/.

Istratii, Romina. Seeing Cross-Culturally: The Paradigm of Gender and Development (GAD) and Its Re-Conceptualisation, 2015.

Jaafar-Mohammad, Imani, and Charlie Lehmann. “Women’s Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce.” Journal of Law and Practice 4, no. 1 (2010): 15.

Jamil, Abdul. “Isu dan Realitas di Balik Tingginya Angka Cerai-Gugat di Indramayu.” HARMONI 14, no. 2 (2015): 22.

———. “Isu dan Realitas di Balik Tingginya Angka Cerai-Gugat di Indramayu” 14, no. 2 (2015): 22.

Kabar Madura. “Kasus Perceraian Terus Meningkat.” Kabar Madura, January 25, 2019. https://kabarmadura.id/kasus-perceraian-terus-meningkat/.

Koentjaraningrat. “Madurese.” In Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia Vol. 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands and Madagascar. New Haven CT`: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1972.

Kusmidi, Henderi. “Khulu’ (Talak Tebus) Dan Implikasi Hukumnya Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” EL-AFKAR : Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman Dan Tafsir Hadis 7 (June 5, 2018): 37. https://doi.org/10.29300/jpkth.v7i1.1586.

Ma’arif, Samsul. The History of Madura; Sejarah Panjang Madura Dari Kerajaan, Kolonialisme, Sampai Kemerdekaan. Yogyakarta: Araska, 2015.

Maimun, Maimun, Mohammad Toha, and Misbahul Arifin. “Fenomena Tingginya Angka Cerai-Gugat dan Faktor Penyebabnya: Analisis Reflektif atas Kasus-Kasus Perceraian di Madura.” Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam 5, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 157. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v5i2.2105.

Maimun, and Mohammad Thoha. Perceraian Dalam Bingkai Relasi Suami-Istri. Duta Media Publishing, 2017.

Marsal, Arif. “Infertilitas Sebagai Alasan Khulu’ Perspektif Ulama.” YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 138. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v9i1.3677.

mediamadura.com. “Angka Perceraian Di Pamekasan Meningkat.” https://mediamadura.com/, March 18, 2019. https://mediamadura.com/2019/03/18/angka-perceraian-di-pamekasan-meningkat/.

Miswoni, Anis. “Stereotip Kesetaraan Gender terhadap Budaya Pernikahan Dini pada Masyarakat Madura.” Jurnal Pamator 9, no. 1 (April 2016): 4.

Moleong, Lexy J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2006.

Mulyadi, Achmad. “Perempuan Madura Pesisir Meretas Budaya Mode Produksi Patriarkat.” KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture 12, no. 2 (2011): 15.

Nasrudin Yahya, Achmad. “Tekan Angka Perceraian, Kemenag Jalin Sinergitas Penguatan Ketahanan Keluarga Halaman All -.” Kompas.com, September 13, 2020. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/09/13/10294341/tekan-angka-perceraian-kemenag-jalin-sinergitas-penguatan-ketahanan-keluarga?page=all.

Nida, Fitria Rahmadani, and Ghina Farhany. “Proses Komunikasi Dalam Pernikahan Etnis Madura.” Jurnal Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 157–68. https://doi.org/10.30596/interaksi.v3i2.3353.

Nugraheni, Prasasti Dyah. “The Implementation of Marriage Different Religion and Their Due to the Law of The Religion of Marriage Status.” Law and Justice 4, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 68–82. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v4i2.8015.

Nurmila, Nina. “Pengaruh Budaya Patriarki terhadap Pemahaman Agama dan Pembentukan Budaya.” KARSA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Keislaman 23, no. 1 (June 5, 2015): 1. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v23i1.606.

Pribadi, Yanwar. “Islam Madura: Sebuah Studi Konstruktivisme-Strukturalis Tentang Relasi Islam Pesantren Dan Islam Kampung Di Sumenep Madura, by Mohammad Hefni.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 176, no. 2–3 (June 11, 2020): 429–31. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17602009.

———. “Religious Networks in Madura: Pesantren, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Kiai as the Core of Santri Culture.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 51, no. 1 (June 15, 2013): 1. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2013.511.1-32.

Rafiqi. “Penyebab Kasus Perceraian Di Sumenep, Ada Yang Ditinggal Sepihak.” Mata Madura (blog), August 22, 2020. https://matamaduranews.com/penyebab-kasus-perceraian-di-sumenep-ada-yang-ditinggal-sepihak/.

Rahemtulla, Shadaab. “Gender Justice as a Way of Life: Liberation Theology and Gender Justice in Islam,” 96–160, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198796480.003.0004.

Rahman, K. “Faktor Ekonomi, Angka Perceraian Di Bangkalan Meningkat Drastis.” Kanal Berita (blog), August 19, 2020. https://kanalberita.co/2020/08/19/dampak-pandemi-angka-perceraian-di-bangkalan-meningkat-drastis-mayoritas-faktor-ekonomi/.

Rais, Isnawati. “Tingginya Angka Cerai Gugat (Khulu’) Di Indonesia; Analisis Kritis terhadap Penyebab dan Alternatif Solusi Mengatasinya.” AL-‘ADALAH 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 14.

Rokhmad, Abu, and Sulistiyono Susilo. “Conceptualizing Authority of the Legalization of Indonesian Women’s Rights In Islamic Family Law.” JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 489. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.489-508.

Saadah, Mazroatus. “Perempuan dan Perceraian: Kajian tentang Cerai Gugat di Pengadilan Agama Bekasi.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 11, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 14. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2018.11202.

Sa’dan, Masthuriyah. “Tradisi Perkawinan Matrilokal Madura.” Ibda’: Jurnal Kebudayaan Islam 14, no. 1 (June 2016): 10.

Siddiq, Akhmad. “Madurese Christian In Search of Christian Identity within Muslim Society” 57, no. 1 (2019): 30.

Sulaeman, Abduh. “Pembaruhan Hukum Islam dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam sebagai Upaya Positivisasi Hukum.” Aktualita (Jurnal Hukum) 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018). https://doi.org/10.29313/aktualita.v1i2.3996.

Sulaiman, Sulaiman. “Domination of Tradition in Under Age Marriage.” Analisa 19, no. 1 (June 7, 2012): 15. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v19i1.152.

Suyono, Suyono. “Kredibilitas Pemuka Pendapat dalam Tradisi Pernikahan di Bawah Umur (Pernikahan Dini) di Madura.” MEDIAKOM 1, no. 2 (February 20, 2018). https://doi.org/10.32528/mdk.v1i2.1578.

Syahrul, Ansyari. “Tiap Jam Terjadi 50 Kasus Perceraian di Indonesia.” Https://www.viva.co.id/, December 16, 2020. https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/1331858-tiap-jam-terjadi-50-kasus-perceraian-di-indonesia.

Syarif, Zainuddin, and Abd Hannan. “Kearifan Lokal Pesantren Sebagai Bangunan Ideal Moderasi Islam Masyarakat Madura.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 14, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 220–40. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2020.14.2.220-240.

Toni, Agus. “Aktualisasi Hukum Perceraian Perspektif Pengadilan Agama di Indonesia.” Maqashid: Jurnal Hukum Islam 1, no. 2 (2018): 30.

Ulfah, Isnatin. “Menggugat Perkawinan: Transformasi Kesadaran Gender Perempuan dan Implikasinya terhadap Tingginya Gugat Cerai di Ponorogo.” Kodifikasia 5, no. 1 (October 14, 2011). https://doi.org/10.21154/kodifikasia.v5i1.219.

Umbari Prihatin, Intan. “Kemenag Sebut Angka Perceraian Mencapai 306.688 Per Agustus 2020.” merdeka.com, September 12, 2020. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kemenag-sebut-angka-perceraian-mencapai-306688-per-agustus-2020.html.

Wardatun, Atun, and Bianca J. Smith. “Woman-Initiated Divorce and Feminist Fiqh in Indonesia: Narrating Male Acts of Nushūz in Marriage.” Ulumuna 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 266–95. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v24i2.416.

Wibisana, Wahyu. “Pernikahan dalam Islam.” Ta’lim: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam 14, no. 2 (2016): 9.

Wikipedia. “Daftar pulau di Kabupaten Sumenep.” In Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas, June 28, 2019. https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pulau_di_Kabupaten_Sumenep&oldid=15286682.

Yasak, Ellen Meianzi, and Sulih Indra Dewi. “Budaya Pernikahan Dini terhadap Kesetaraan Gender Masyarakat Madura.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 4, no. 3 (2015): 6.

Yeyen. “Angka Perceraian Di Pamekasan Tembus 984 Kasus Selama Pandemi Covid-19.” Harian Bangsa Online, September 28, 2020. https://bangsaonline.com/berita/80824/angka-perceraian-di-pamekasan-tembus-984-kasus-selama-pandemi-covid-19.

Yuliatin, Yuliatin. “Implementasi Kompilasi Huukum Islam Dalam Hitungan Talak Tehadap Cerai Khulu’.” Al-Risalah 12 (December 1, 2018): 1. https://doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v12i01.437.

Yunairi, Dewi. “Konsep Feminisme Gayatri Chakrasvorty Spivak dan Upaya Membangun Keluarga Unggul (Kajian Feminisme Modern).” Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat 11, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 103. https://doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v11i1.1538.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.12804