Constructive Possession in the Sale and Purchase of Gold According to Changes in the Customary Practice

Mohammad Zaini Yahaya

doi:10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.16025

Constructive Possession in the Sale and Purchase of Gold According to Changes in the Customary Practice

Mohammad Zaini Yahaya

Abstract

In a sales and purchase transaction, gold is a ribawī item that requires taking possession (qabḍ) of goods on a spot basis. Since the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah have not specifically mentioned the form of qabḍ in a sales and purchase transaction, the ulama has made customary practice (‘urf) as a reference when determining whether a card is appropriate or otherwise. Besides that, the ulama has also accepted constructive possession (qabḍ ḥukmī) as a substitute for physical possession (qabḍ ḥaqīqī) in a sales and purchase transaction. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of qabḍ, the forms of qabḍ, the classification of qabḍ ḥukmī in buying and selling gold, and the application of 'urf as a reference in the validity of qabḍ. The study is a normative legal study using uṣūl al-fiqh and fiqh al-mu'āmalāt analysis tools. The results of the study show that rapid technological developments have changed some forms of buying and selling transactions, including those involving gold. The main challenge in transactions involving gold is the issue of qabḍ, especially those that do not involve physical gold. This is due to certain constraints, especially buying and selling online. Based on the views of the scholars in determining the forms of qabḍ ḥukmī to see the suitability of gold buying and selling applications at this time, this kind of buying and selling is permissible. As long as there is takhliyyah and tamkin in the gold being traded, then it may be accepted as qabḍ ḥukmī. In addition, it must be ensured that the allocation steps, such as tagging of the physical gold, are implemented on the day of the contract to avoid ribā al-nasī’ah.

Keywords

Qabḍ ḥaqīqī, qabḍ ḥukmī, sale and purchase of gold, Islamic economics

Full Text:

PDF

References

‘Abd al-Laṭīf, Manṣūr, Al-Qabḍ Wa Atharuh Fī Al-‘Uqūd, Nablus: Jāmi’at al-Najāḥ al-Waṭaniyyah, 2000.

‘Alī Haydar, Durar Al-Ḥukkām Sharḥ Majallat Al-Aḥkām, translated by Fahmī al-Husaynī, Vol. 1, Riyad: ‘Alam al-Kutub, 2003.

‘Āṣim ibn Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad Abāḥusayn, Al-Qabḍ Al-Ḥukmī Fi Al-Amwāl: Dirāsah Fiqhiyyah Taṭbīqiyyah, Vol. 1, Riyad: Dār Kunāz Ishbiliya li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī’, 2015.

Al Imron, Yunus, “Legal Consequences of Default in Land Sale and Purchase Agreements Under The Hand,” International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences (2022). DOI:10.51601/ijersc.v3i4.445.

Al-‘Asqalānī. Aḥmad ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad, Fatḥ Al-Bārī Sharḥ Saḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī, Vol. 4, Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1379H.

Al-‘Izz, ‘Izz al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd al-Salām, Al-Ishārah Ilā Al-Ijāz Fi Ba’ḍ Anwā’ Al-Majāz, Beirut: Dār al-Bashā’ir al-Islāmiyyah, 1987.

Al-Anṣārī, Muḥammad ibn Qāsim al-Mālikī, Sharḥ Ḥudud Ibn ‘Irfah, Beirut: al-Maktabah al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1350H.

Al-Buhūtī, Manṣūr ibn Yūnus, Kashshāf Al-Qinā’ ‘An Matn Al-Iqnā’, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1402H.

Al-Ghazālī, Abu Ḥamid Muḥamamd ibn Muḥammad, Al-Wasīṭ Fī Al-Madhhab, Vol. 3, Cairo: Dar al-Salām, 1417H.

Al-Ḥaṭṭab, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ru’aynī, Mawāhib Al-Jalīl Fi Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1992.

Al-Jinku, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd al-Razzāq. al-Taqābuḍ Fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī Wa Atharuh Fi Al-Buyū’ Al-Mu’āṣirah. Amman: Dār al-Nafā’is, 2004.

Al-Kāsānī, Abu Bakr ibn Mas’ūd, Badā’i' al-Ṣanā’i’ Fī Tartīb Al-Sharā’i', Vol. 5, Beirut: Dar al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī, 1986.

Al-Khaṭṭābī, Ḥamd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, Ma’ālim al-sunan sharh sunan Abī Dawud, Vol. 3, Aleppo: al-Maṭba’ah al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1351H.

Al-Khirshī, Muḥammad ‘Abd Allāh al-Mālikī. Sharḥ mukhtaṣar Khalīl. Vol. 5, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li al-Ṭibā’ah, n.d.

Al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yahyā ibn Sharaf, al-Majmū’ Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab, Vol. 9, Kaherah: Idārah al-Ṭibā’ah al-Munīriyyah, 1344H.

Al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yahyā ibn Sharaf, al-Minhaj sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, Vol. 11, Beirut: Dār Iyhā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 1392H.

Al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf, Rawḍat al-ṭālibīn wa ‘umdat al-muftīn, Vol. 3, Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islamī, 1991.

Al-Qarāfī, Aḥmad ibn Idrīs, al-Dhakhīrah, Vol. 1, Beirut: Dār al-Gharb, 1994.

Al-Qarah Daghī, ‘Alī Muḥyī al-Dīn, “al-Qabḍ: Ṣuwaruh, Wa Bi Khaṣṣat Al-Mustajaddah Minhā Wa Aḥkāmuha”, Majallat Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī VI, no. 1 (1410H).

Al-Rahibānī, Mustafa al-Ṣuyūṭī, Maṭālib ulī al-nuhā fī sharḥ ghāyat al-muntahā, Damascus: Manshurat al-Maktab al-Islāmī, n.d.

Al-Sharbīnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Khaṭīb, Mughnī Al-Muḥtāj Ilā Ma’rifat Ma’ānī Alfāẓ Al-Minhāj, Vol. 2, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1994.

Al-Suyūṭī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr, al-Ashbāh wa al-Nazā’ir, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1990.

Al-Zabīdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Murtaḍā al-Ḥusaynī, Tāj Al-‘Arūs Min Jawāhir Al-Qāmūṣ, Kuwayt: Wuzārat al-I’lām fā al-Kuwayt, 1980.

Al-Zarqā’, Muṣṭafā Aḥmad, al-Madkhal Ila Naẓariyyat Al-Iltizām Al-‘Āmmah fī Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1999.

Al-Zuhaylī, Wahbah ibn Muṣṭafā, Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuh, Vol. 5, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2011.

Al-Zuhaylī, Wahbah ibn Muṣṭafā, al-Mu’amalāt al-Māliyyah Al-Mu’āṣirah, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2002.

Bāshā, Muḥammad Qadrī, Murshid Al-Ḥayrān Ilā Ma’rifat Aḥwāl Al-Insān, Bulāq: al-Maṭba’ah al-Kubra al-Amiriyyah, 1308H.

Filbert, Ryan and Fachmi Jaidi. Gold Trading Revolution. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 2015.

Ḥammād, Nazīh, Qaḍāyā Fiqhiyyah Mu’āṣirah fi Al-Māl Wa Al-Iqtiṣād, Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 2001.

Hikmah, Yayuk Nur and Gunarto Gunarto, “Sale & Purchase of Land Under Hand With Testimony Sign by Village Head or Customary Head,” Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, No. 4 (2021). DOI:10.30659/sanlar.3.4.1228-1241

Ibn ‘Ābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn ibn ‘Umar, Radd Al-Muḥtār ‘Alā Al-Durr Al-Mukhtār, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1992.

Ibn al-Mundhir, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, al-Ijmā’, Beirut: Dār al-Muslim li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī’, 2004.

Ibn Manẓūr Muḥammad ibn Mukarram ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-‘Arab, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d.

Ibn Qudāmah, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdasī, al-Mughnī ‘Ala Mukhtaṣar Al-Khirqī, Vol. 4, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1405H.

Muslim, Abū al-Ḥasan Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj. Saḥīḥ Muslim, translated by Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Khaṭṭāb. Riyad: Dār al-Salām, 2007.

S. Hisham, S. Abdul Shukor, et.al., “The Concept and Challengers of Islamic Pawn Broking (Al-Rahnu),” Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13: (2013).

Shari’ah Standards. Manama: Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOFI), 2017.

Wandi, Zulfan, “Eksistensi ‘Urf dan Adat Kebiasaan Sebagai Dalil Fiqh,” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 2, No. 1 (2018). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v2i1.3111.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i3.16025