Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam
Journal Title : Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam ISSN : ISSN 2549-3132 (print) | ISSN 2549-3167 (online) DOI Prefix : Prefix 10.22373 by Crossref Editor in Chief : Prof. Dr. Mursyid Djawas, M.HI Managing Editor : Prof. Dr. Eka Srimulyani Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Frequency : 3 issues per year (March, July, and November) Citation Analysis : Scopus | Index Copernicus| Sinta | Google Scholar Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal published by Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The journal publishes research articles, conceptual articles, and book reviews of Islamic family law and Islamic law (See Focus and Scope). The articles of this journal are published 3 times a year; March, July, and November. From the beginning of its publication in 2017, Samarah has been registered with Crossref. All articles published by Samarah have a DOI number. Samarah is also indexed by Google Scholar, Garuda, Moraref, BASE, and more indexing please go here. In 2019, Samarah has been accredited by the Decree of the General Director of Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28/E/KPT/2019. This accreditation is effective from publication Vol 2. No 1. 2018 (Sinta 5). In the same year, Samarah has been reaccredited by Decree of the General Director of Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36/E/KPT/2019. This reaccreditation is only effective on publication Vol 3. No 2. 2019 (Sinta 3). In 2020, Samarah has been reaccredited by the Decree of the General Director of Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 148/M/KPT/2020. In 2021, Samarah has been accepted for inclusion in Scopus (owned by Elsevier) and has been indexed in Sinta 1. Samarah is the first Islamic Family Law and Islamic Law journal published by Indonesian universities to be indexed by Scopus. Journal Secretariat: Building A, Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Jl. Syeikh Abul Rauf Kopelma Darussalam Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Postal Code 23111. Email: jurnal.samarah@ar-raniry.ac.id Samarah has been indexed by:
Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry
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Adat and Sharia in the Ammatoa Community
This study examines the negotiation between custom and sharia in the realm of family law as a central arena for educational, ethical, and cultural transformation in the Ammatoa Kajang indigenous community in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi. The study uses qualitative methods, with a framework of educational anthropology and legal anthropology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, literature studies, and participant observation. In-depth interviews with Ammatoa, academics, community elders, married couples, and family members, while the literature reviewed included journal articles, books, and Islamic law texts. The findings indicate that the Ammatoa Kajang community formally recognizes the normative authority of Islamic law, although it is interpreted selectively through customary-based cultural mechanisms. The principles of Islamic law regarding marriage, inheritance, family obligations, women's roles and gender relations, and social ethics are adapted into symbolic and ritual forms that align with the local cosmology and moral teachings of Pasang ri Kajang. In this context, family law becomes a pedagogical space where Islamic values ​​are not only taught normatively but also realized collectively through rituals, symbolic communication, communal sanctions, and patterns of social interaction. Furthermore, environmental ethics and ecological education in the Ammatoa community are also very prominent, evidenced by their harmony with nature and commitment to preserving it. This study shows that anthropologically, there is an interaction between custom and sharia in the Ammatoa Kajang traditional community in education and law, reflecting a model of Islamic legal education rooted in culture and religion through a process of negotiation, adaptation, and reinterpretation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuryamin Nuryamin, La Ode Ismail Ahmad, Andi Tenri Padang, Abd. Bashir Fatmal, and Windi Pratiwi Yusdar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Interfaith Waqf in Central Kalimantan: Transformation of Islamic Financial Institutions from the Perspective of Legal Pluralism
Waqf has long been conceptualized as a form of religious endowment governed by established doctrinal and institutional frameworks. However, contemporary practices in plural societies increasingly challenge this conventional understanding. In particular, interfaith expressions of waqf invite a reconsideration of the boundaries of Islamic social finance and its capacity to adapt within diverse social settings. This study seeks to analyze how interfaith waqf practices reshape the normative, social, and institutional dimensions of waqf, while also examining their implications for social cohesion and processes of institutional transformation. This research adopts a qualitative field-based approach, utilizing in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentary analysis conducted in Tewah District, Central Kalimantan. The findings indicate that waqf may originate from non-Muslim actors and operate as a socially embedded practice sustained through interfaith collaboration, shared ethical commitments, and forms of legitimacy rooted in community recognition. At the same time, the lack of formal legal acknowledgment points to a persistent gap between regulatory structures and lived social practices. The study concludes that interfaith waqf can be understood as an adaptive and practice oriented form of Islamic social finance, in which institutional change is shaped primarily by everyday social interactions rather than formal legal arrangements. These findings emphasize the importance of developing a legal pluralism approach that is more responsive to local contexts, and contributes to efforts to reconceptualize waqf as an inclusive institution rooted in social realities in plural societies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Aswad, Nur Wakhidah, Mujamil Qomar, Abdul Majid, and Muh. Arief Budiman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Geopolitical tensions between the United States, Israel, and Iran have developed into one of the most dangerous hotspots in today's world political constellation. This reality confirms that the dynamics of contemporary warfare have transcended traditional geographic boundaries and demand a response that blends diplomatic dimensions with deep ethical considerations. In the midst of such complexity, the tradition of Islamic political thought offers a relevant perspective through the concept of siyāsah dauliyah a normative framework in fiqh siyasah that governs the relationship between nations. This concept lays the foundation for the values of justice, recognition of the sovereignty of other states, loyalty to the pacts and agreements concluded, as well as strict restrictions on the use of armed violence. This study intends to examine the trilateral conflict using the lens of siyāsah dauliyah as the main analytical lens. Methodologically, this study relies on a qualitative approach by combining literature studies and normative studies on the treasures of Islamic political jurisprudence, combined with the latest international relations literature. The findings reveal that the spirit of siyāsah dauliyah actually puts forward the peaceful path - through negotiations, open communication, and multilateral cooperation as the main mechanism for resolving disputes between countries, not through armed confrontation. Interestingly, this orientation has a strong resonance with Indonesia's foreign policy doctrine known as the "bebas aktif" principle."Indonesia's commitment to continuously promote the alleviation of tensions and peaceful settlement of international disputes reflects similar values. Furthermore, Indonesia's willingness to take on the role of a dialogue facilitator or potential mediator in the US–Israel–Iran conflict shows the country's seriousness in realizing global peace. Thus, the integration of ethical principles from the Siyasah Fiqh tradition into contemporary diplomatic practice has the potential to strengthen Indonesia's capacity as a significant actor in conflict resolution and international peacebuilding efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gani Jumat, Hamlan Andi Baso Malla, Ahmadan Ahmadan, Nasaruddin Mera, and Idrus M. Said http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation of Islamic Inheritance Law in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi
This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes of the community towards Islamic inheritance law in Lembanna Village, Bontobahari District, Bulukumba Regency. This study uses a combined quantitative and qualitative research method. Qualitative research uses a quantitative correlational approach, this study involved 95 randomly selected respondents aged 30 to 55 years. Data were collected through knowledge tests and Likert scale attitude questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment correlation with the help of SPSS. While the quantitative method was carried out by in-depth interviews with academics, scholars, intellectuals, religious leaders and women leaders, then analyzed with the theory of maqāṣid al-sharī'ah. The results showed that the majority of respondents had a moderate level of knowledge and showed a neutral attitude towards Islamic inheritance law. The correlation test revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes (r = 0.363; p < 0.05). This indicates that the higher a person's level of knowledge about Islamic inheritance law, the more positive their attitude towards its implementation. This study emphasizes that Islamic inheritance law must be reinterpreted from the perspective of the maqāṣid al-sharī'ah so that the law is not merely normative but rather provides gender and distributive justice, taking into account social changes in accordance with the views of Islamic scholars and intellectuals. This study contributes to the development of Islamic law and social psychology studies and emphasizes the importance of increasing knowledge as a foundation for promoting the acceptance and practice of Islamic law in a pluralistic social context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdillah Mustari, Abdi Widjaja, Andi Herawati, Amar Ma’ruf, and Ani Auli Ilmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Islamic Hospitals in the Indonesian Health Legal System from the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Sharī’ah
As a country with a Muslim majority population, Indonesia has a need for faith-based health services, but there is a disparity between this need and the available institutional capacity. The national health system still faces challenges of structural inequality and accessibility barriers that hinder justice for vulnerable groups. The Islamic principle of Rahmatan lil 'Alamin (mercy for the universe) underlies that Sharia Hospitals are not exclusive institutions for Muslims, but rather a universal service model that brings benefits to all humanity without distinction of social status. This study uses empirical legal methods, analyzed with the theory of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah. Data were collected referring to document studies and field observations. The theory of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah is a principle in Islamic law that is used as an analytical framework in Islamic health governance. The results of the study provide concrete evidence that the development of health facilities based on the values ​​of justice and protection of life (hifz an-nafs) can strengthen the national health system. This study demonstrates the emergence of a service model that increases accessibility through the use of Sharia contracts such as ijarah and wakalah, as well as the transparent management of Islamic social funds (ZISWAF). The Islamic principle of Rahmatan lil 'Alamin underpins Sharia Hospitals, also as a universal service model that benefits all humanity regardless of social status. Therefore, this study confirms that Sharia Hospitals can function effectively as inclusive instruments in achieving equitable health standards by integrating religious ethical values ​​with the social goals of the state
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafan Darodjat, Imamulhadi Imamulhadi, Ria Setiawati, Herini Siti Aisyah, and Luthfi Widagdo Eddyono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Justice for Women in Divorce Cases before the Religious Courts of Southeast Sulawesi
This study examines the legal construction of contested divorce within Indonesia's Religious Court system through the analytical lenses of feminist legal theory and legal pluralism. It argues that contested divorce represents the institutional adaptation of Islamic family law within the national legal system and has significant implications for women's legal rights and access to justice. Employing an empirical legal research approach, the study integrates the analysis of legal norms with the realities of judicial practice in the Religious Courts of Southeast Sulawesi. The research draws upon feminist legal theory and legal pluralism as its principal theoretical frameworks. Data were collected through document analysis and semi-structured interviews. Documentary sources included Religious Court divorce statistics, statutory regulations, judicial decisions, scholarly books, and peer-reviewed journal articles, while interviews were conducted with Religious Court judges and legal scholars from universities in Southeast Sulawesi. The findings demonstrate that the increasing prevalence of contested divorce reflects women's growing legal consciousness and their willingness to assert their rights through formal judicial mechanisms. Women increasingly utilize legal institutions to challenge unequal or harmful marriages, indicating that the Religious Court system has become a more accessible avenue for seeking justice. Contested divorce may be understood as a positive indicator of expanding access to justice. From the perspective of Islamic law, the institutionalization of contested divorce represents a process of normative adaptation through which the Religious Courts have reinterpreted classical Islamic legal principles in light of contemporary demands for justice, legal protection, and gender equality. Viewed through the framework of legal pluralism, the study further finds that contested divorce emerges from the interaction among state law, Islamic law, and customary (adat) law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Guswan Hakim, Heryanti Heryanti, Jabal Nur, Suwarti Suwarti, and Siti Misnar Abdul Jalil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Women and Domestic Violence in Bone, South Sulawesi
Domestic violence remains a social problem affecting many women in Indonesia, reflecting gender inequality rooted in social and legal structures. This study aims to understand the decision-making process of female victims of domestic violence who choose not to report their experiences. The study employed empirical legal methods, analyzed using theories of legal sociology, legal awareness, and gender. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document studies. The informants interviewed included female victims, victims of violence, academics, and religious leaders. The data analyzed consisted of primary and secondary data. The results show that the decision to remain silent is not merely a result of fear or powerlessness, but rather a form of rational, reflective agency within limitations. This decision is formed through the accumulation of social factors, patriarchal culture, and unequal gender power relations in society, which place women in a subordinate position. Furthermore, the meaning of law for female victims is understood as a masculine social force and is far from their lived experiences, so that formal law loses its relevance in providing protection. The solution offered is that concrete steps are needed in the future from the government and related institutions, religious leaders, and communities to provide legal protection, build awareness, and provide equal education so that women can obtain justice. These findings enrich sociological, legal and gender awareness studies by showing that the experiences of female victims of domestic violence are a real struggle in facing an unjust social system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kurniati Abidin, Hamzah Latif, Faturrahman Faturrahman, Waode Mabrukah Azzahrah, and Ma’adul Yaqien Makkarateng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kafaah as a Tool of Social Legitimacy in Marriage
This study examines kafa'ah as a tool of social legitimacy in marriage by examining the tension between the goal of maintaining maslahah (maintaining benefits) and the potential for discrimination that arises in the practices of the people of Banda Aceh City. Historically, kafa'ah was formulated in classical Islamic jurisprudence to maintain family harmony, but in the modern context, this concept often shifts into a social selection mechanism that gives rise to rejection of marriages based on lineage, economics, education, or social status, including in certain communities such as sayyid-syarifah and families with high dowry demands. To examine this phenomenon, this study uses a socio-legal approach by combining a review of Islamic jurisprudence literature, an analysis of Islamic family law regulations, and empirical data from interviews with victims of discrimination, religious leaders, and academics. The findings indicate that the expansion of kafa'ah criteria beyond religious and moral aspects is more influenced by socio-historical constructions than normative sharia considerations, so that its practice often reinforces social hierarchies and creates exclusion of certain individuals or groups. This study concludes that kafa'ah needs to be reconstructed as a flexible social consideration and should not be used as a basis for limiting the right to marry, so that it remains in line with the principles of maslahah, justice, and the goals of Islamic family law in realizing a harmonious family.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Dian Natasya Solin, Zaiyad Zubaidi, Salman Abdul Muthalib, and Izuddin Abdussalam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Qur’anic Interpretation of Khamr and Zina in MUI Fatwas
This study addresses two research questions: how are Qur'anic verses on khamr and zina interpreted in the fatwas of the Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI), and to what extent do these interpretations reflect Jasser Auda's multidimensional maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah approach? This study employs a qualitative field research method using in-depth interviews with members of the MUI Fatwa Commission and document analysis of relevant MUI fatwas. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and analytically through Jasser Auda's multidimensional framework, focusing on linguistic, socio-historical, temporal, purposive, and object-related dimensions of Qur'anic interpretation. The findings demonstrate that MUI fatwas on khamr and zina substantively employ a multidimensional pattern of Qur'anic interpretation. In the case of khamr, this approach is reflected in the gradual understanding of the relevant verses, the distinction between khamr and alcohol, and the emphasis on the protection of intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql). In the case of zina, it is reflected in the shift from a sanction-oriented interpretation toward the protection of lineage, human dignity, and public welfare. Although MUI has not explicitly formulated its fatwa methodology within Jasser Auda's theoretical framework, its legal reasoning substantially corresponds to the multidimensional maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah approach. This study therefore contributes to strengthening maqāṣidī Qur'anic interpretation and enriches contemporary Islamic legal studies on the relationship between Qur'anic interpretation, fatwa formulation, and the objectives of Islamic law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hariyadi, Tharekh Era Elraisy, Nasirin Nasirin, Siti Nurkholilah, and Wahid Syafruddin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Integrative Framework for Transforming Fiqh Learning in Pesantren
This study examines the transformation of fiqh learning in Islamic boarding schools using a qualitative approach with a multi-site case study design in three Islamic boarding schools, namely Al-Falah Banjarbaru (South Kalimantan), Hidayatullah Balikpapan (East Kalimantan), and Al-Bayan Makassar (South Sulawesi). Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis with fiqh instructors, curriculum managers, and teachers in the three locations. The results of the study show five main findings, namely (1) the transformation of the learning paradigm from teacher-centered to student-centered has taken place with varying intensity in each Islamic boarding school; (2) the integration of turath and contemporary issues has become a shared awareness of teachers, but its implementation is still sporadic; (3) the digitalization of fiqh learning is still in its early stages; (4) the maqashidiorientation is implicitly embedded in the teachers' pedagogical vision; and (5) the bahtsul masāil model, legal case studies, and direct practice have the greatest potential as a bridge between tradition and innovation. This research formulates a learning transformation framework as an original conceptual model that integrates three pillars: turath as the epistemological basis, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah as a contextual analytical framework, and digital pedagogy as an adaptive learning strategy in a complementary and non-substitutive dialectical relationship. This framework offers a maqāṣid al-sharīʿah approach as an alternative to the traditionalism-modernism dichotomy in Islamic boarding school education and provides operational guidance for the development of a fiqh curriculum that is responsive to contemporary needs without sacrificing the authenticity of traditional knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rusdi Abdullah, Sahari, Abdul Rahman, Amalia Nuraini, and Hajriana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Protection for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Aceh
This study aims to analyze legal protection for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Aceh Province amidst the contestation between the National Banking Law, the Qanun on Sharia Financial Institutions (LKS), and the obligation to halal certification. Since the enactment of Aceh Qanun Number 11 of 2018, the banking system in Aceh has undergone a total transformation towards sharia, which has created challenges in capital accessibility and regulatory harmonization. On the other hand, the Halal Product Guarantee Law requires certification for all MSME products, with a transition deadline for micro-enterprises until 2026. This study uses empirical legal methods, analyzed with the theory of asymmetric autonomy and legal pluralism. Data were collected by referring to document studies and in-depth interviews. The study concludes that legal protection is needed for MSMEs in Aceh, which still face structural obstacles due to disharmony between central and regional regulations and limited sharia-supporting infrastructure. Therefore, from the perspective of the theory of asymmetric autonomy, it provides space for the formation of regulations tailored to the sociological and philosophical characteristics of the Islamic-based Acehnese society. Legal pluralism also makes it possible to harmonize state law, Islamic law and customary law so that they can live side by side de facto and de jure. The research recommends strengthening the operational technical regulations of the Qanun LKS and integrating the halal industry ecosystem through a more inclusive Sharia People's Business Credit (KUR) financing scheme to ensure the economic sustainability of the Acehnese people.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusri Yusri, Chairul Fahmi, Muazzin Muazzin, Ria Fitri, and Laila Muhammad Rasyid http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Trust, Technology, and Zakat: Understanding the Participation of Productive Muzakki Among Young Professionals in Islamic Philanthropy
The sustainability of zakat institutions in contemporary Muslim societies increasingly depends on the active participation of young professionals as productive muzakki. However, declining institutional trust and the rapid expansion of digital philanthropic platforms have reshaped patterns of religious giving. This article examines the interrelationship between trust, technology, and zakat participation among young professionals, focusing on how digitalization influences perceptions of accountability, transparency, and religious legitimacy in Islamic philanthropy. Employing a qualitative library-based approach, this study critically analyzes classical fiqh literature, contemporary Islamic economic thought, and recent interdisciplinary scholarship on digital religion and philanthropic behavior. The analysis reveals that trust functions as a multidimensional construct encompassing institutional credibility, procedural transparency, and perceived alignment with Islamic ethical values. Digital technologies—such as online payment systems, mobile applications, and data-driven reporting—emerge as double-edged tools: while they enhance efficiency and accessibility, they also generate new forms of skepticism related to data integrity, commodification of worship, and shifting religious authority. Among young professionals, zakat participation is increasingly shaped by rational-ethical considerations, including measurable social impact, governance standards, and value congruence, rather than purely normative obligations. This article argues that productive muzakki engagement in the digital age requires a reconceptualization of zakat governance that integrates technological innovation with ethical accountability and maqāṣid-oriented objectives. By proposing a conceptual framework linking trust formation, digital infrastructure, and religious motivation, this study contributes to broader debates on Islamic philanthropy, digital religion, and faith-based social finance. The findings offer theoretical insights for scholars and practical implications for zakat institutions seeking to strengthen legitimacy and long-term engagement among younger, professionally active donors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maghfirah Maghfirah, Irma Romi Anto, Ahmad Maulidizen, M. Alpi Syahrin, Alfiandri Setiawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Dui menre in the Bugis Wedding Tradition
Dui menre/dui balanca is an important marriage tradition in Bugis society that often gives rise to tensions between customary practice and Islamic law, especially when its amount becomes a social and economic burden. This study aims to analyze the response and intellectual position of AGH. Daud Ismail as a prominent Bugis scholar and mufassir towards the Dui menre tradition through his Bugis-language exegesis, Tafsir al-Munir. Employing a qualitative approach, this study draws on the frameworks of hermeneutics and Islamic legal anthropology, in particular, the concepts of al-‘urf (custom) and al-maslahah (public benefit), as analytical lenses. Hermeneutics is used to reveal the meaning contained in Tafsir al-Munir in the socio-cultural context of Bugis society while Islamic legal anthropology is used to study the practice of Dui menre as a local custom. The data were collected through literature review and in-depth interviews. The main source analyzed was Tafsir al-Munir by AGH. Daud Ismail, supported by journal articles, books and other relevant scientific works. In-depth interviews were carried out with a number of informants, including ulama (Islamic scholars) who had studied directly under AGH. Daud Ismail, academics, and religious figures. The findings reveal that AGH. Daud Ismail is of the opinion that the tradition of uang panai is permissible (mubah) based on the principle of al-‘adah al-muhakkamah so long as it does not conflict with the values of sharia and does not cause harm. From the perspective of hermeneutics and anthropology of Islamic law, this interpretation is a symbol of a pattern of integration (tahmil) between adat and sharia through accommodative-critical negotiation based on the principles of assimaturuseng (agreement), asitinnajang (propriety), assicocokong (compatibility), assiwollong pollongeng (close social interaction), and sipakalebbi (mutual respect). This study thus confirms the relevance of Tafsir al-Munir as a model for harmonizing Islamic law and local culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mursalim Junaid, Moh. Arief Sah, Nelly, Ayu Apriliani, Abdul Hafid and Syahrul Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of Halal Certification Institutions in Ensuring Production Safety, Product Quality, and Economic Development
This study examines the role of halal certification bodies in safeguarding production safety, identifies the challenges encountered in the certification process, and analyzes the implications of halal certification for strengthening the competitiveness of MSMEs in Makassar City, South Sulawesi. Employing a qualitative case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with purposively selected informants, complemented by participant observation and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis with source and methodological triangulation to enhance the credibility of the findings. The results demonstrate that halal certification bodies play a pivotal role in ensuring production safety by conducting compliance audits, verifying production processes, facilitating laboratory testing, and providing technical guidance on halal assurance standards. Halal certification also enhances consumer confidence, broadens market opportunities, stimulates product innovation, and improves the income and competitive capacity of MSMEs. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the certification system is constrained by high certification costs, bureaucratic complexity, and inadequate technical support, particularly for small-scale enterprises. The findings underscore the importance of stronger collaboration among government agencies, halal certification institutions, universities, and business actors to develop a more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable halal certification ecosystem that supports regional halal industry development and MSME competitiveness
Copyright (c) 2026 Reslawati Reslawati, Fauziah Fauziah, Muhammad Amir, Abdul Jamil Wahab, and Achmad Rosidi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nationalism, Media, and Arabic Language Instruction
Nationalism constitutes a critical value that must be nurtured among university students, particularly in the face of growing threats to national integration. It can be effectively internalized through educational institutions at all levels, from primary schooling to higher education. This study aims to develop instructional media and pedagogical methods grounded in digital technology, specifically Google Translate as an innovative approach to fostering national global literacy. Rather than functioning as a passive translation tool, Google Translate is integrated into a structured instructional framework designed to enhance students' Arabic language proficiency and national global literacy. The study employs a Research and Development (R&D) design with a quantitative approach, and data were analyzed using canonical correlation analysis to measure the relationship between independent and dependent variables, both simultaneously and partially. The initial hypothesis posited that the use of these instructional media and methods would significantly improve students' Arabic language proficiency and national global literacy, both simultaneously and partially. The findings indicate that, when examined simultaneously, the development of Google Translate-based instructional media and methods exerts a significant combined influence on Arabic language proficiency and national global literacy. However, at the partial level, only the development of Google Translate-based instructional methods demonstrated a significant effect on national global literacy, while the other variables did not yield statistically significant results. These findings suggest that the adoption of this instructional methodology contributes to an enhancement of students' national global literacy, which in turn reinforces their sense of nationalism and patriotism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursyirwan Bustanul Arifin, Shadriyah Shadriyah, and Elma Mulyana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reconstructing Islamic Marriage Law Based on Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah and Local Wisdom: A Study of the Uang Panai Tradition in Bugis-Makassar Culture
Islamic marriage law in Indonesia continues to face challenges in reconciling universal religious principles with deeply rooted local customs. One such example is the uang panai tradition within Bugis-Makassar society, which often carries significant socio-economic implications beyond the scope of conventional Islamic mahr. This qualitative study applied a juridical-empirical method supported by theological-normative and anthropological approaches. Data were collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews with religious leaders and cultural stakeholders, and field observations in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The findings reveal that uang panai, when framed within mutual consent and cultural appropriateness, aligns with key elements of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, notably the preservation of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and honour (ḥifẓ al-‘ird). The study highlights the flexibility of Islamic law through the legal maxim al-‘ādah muhakkamah, allowing cultural integration without compromising Sharī‘ah objectives. This research offers a conceptual model for reconstructing Islamic marriage law by integrating maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah with local traditions. The model promotes a dynamic and inclusive interpretation of Sharī‘ah that acknowledges cultural legitimacy while upholding Islamic legal integrity. It contributes to policy discourse on reforming Islamic family law in pluralistic societies
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Akil, Said Syaripuddin, Ardi Ardi, M. Hasibuddin, and Surani Surani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Implementation of PT PEMA's Corporate Social Responsibility in Supporting the Enforcement of Islamic Sharia in Aceh
This study examines the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by PT Pema within the legal framework of Aceh’s special autonomy and the application of Islamic Sharia. At both the national and regional levels, Indonesian laws and Acehnese qanun require companies operating in the natural resources sector to undertake CSR initiatives. As a regionally owned enterprise (BUMD) engaged in natural resource management and domiciled in Aceh, PT Pema is legally and morally obligated to implement CSR programs that benefit the surrounding community and environment while aligning with Islamic Sharia principles. However, the implementation of CSR at PT Pema faces various legal and practical challenges, particularly concerning regulatory consistency, governance, and conformity with Sharia values. This research employs an empirical legal approach, analyzed through the lens of Corporate Social Responsibility theory. Primary data consist of laws and regulations governing CSR, relevant Acehnese qanun, and other legal instruments related to the study. Secondary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with key informants, including academics and representatives of PT Pema. The findings reveal that the legal framework governing CSR obligations for PT Pema remains fragmented and, in some respects, contradictory, resulting in legal uncertainty. Nevertheless, PT Pema has continued to implement CSR programs in accordance with applicable legal provisions. Its CSR initiatives encompass religious, social, and economic empowerment programs, including efforts to strengthen Islamic values, enhance religious understanding, and support the construction of places of worship. These initiatives demonstrate that PT Pema’s CSR practices not only fulfill legal obligations but also contribute to supporting the implementation of Islamic Sharia in Aceh.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Jafar, Azhari Yahya, M. Adli, Mazwar Mazwar, and EMK. Alidar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Financial Management, Household Resilience and Hadith Perspective
Household financial vulnerability remains a persistent challenge in contemporary Muslim societies, often resulting from limited financial literacy and marginal integration of Islamic legal and ethical frameworks into family economic practices. This study aims to examine how the integration of hadith ethics and Islamic law can strengthen household financial literacy and resilience in the context of Muslim families. Using qualitative methods, this research analyzes classical hadith sources and contemporary studies are analyzed using the theory of maqāṣid al-sharī'ah. Data was collected by means of document studies with reference to hadith books and in-depth interviews with academics, hadith experts and Islamic law. The findings indicate that hadith ethics and Islamic legal norms such as moderation (i’tidāl), financial responsibility (amanah), avoidance of excessive debt, and halal wealth management (halal income) constitute a comprehensive moral-legal framework that not only regulates financial behavior but also enhances household resilience through values-based financial socialization, ethical consumption, and long-term economic planning. These principles foster financial discipline, reduce vulnerability to economic shocks, and promote sustainable family well-being beyond merely technical financial skills. In conclusion, within the context of the maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, the ethics of hadith on household financial literacy offers a culturally and normatively grounded model for strengthening family resilience in Muslim societies. This framework contributes to interdisciplinary discourse by bridging Islamic studies, family science, and socio-economic resilience research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Jufri, Dian Handayani, Mariani Mariani, Machmud Suyuti, and Ilyas Thahir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Islamic Inheritance Law as Living Law in South Sulawesi
This study examines Islamic inheritance practices among Muslim communities in South Sulawesi, where Qur’anic inheritance norms interact with local traditions and family-based mechanisms of property transfer within a living law framework. Although Islamic inheritance law is normatively ijbārī and grounded in definitive Qur’anic texts, empirical practices frequently involve lifetime gifts (hibah), bequests (wasiat), family deliberation, caregiving-based considerations, and consensual redistribution. Employing a normative-empirical juridical method with a socio-legal approach, this study draws on document analysis and in-depth interviews with Religious Court judges, religious officials, customary leaders, and community figures across several regions of South Sulawesi. The findings reveal that Islamic inheritance law remains widely acknowledged as a binding religious obligation rooted in faith commitment, yet its application is commonly mediated through classical Islamic legal mechanisms rather than routine formal adjudication. These practices do not function as attempts to evade inheritance law, but as context-sensitive applications aimed at preserving justice, family harmony, and social legitimacy within Islamic law as living law. However, the prevalence of unregulated legal eclecticism exposes a risk of normative dilution when definitive Qur’anic inheritance norms are treated as negotiable preferences. In response, this study advances a contextual-moderate receptie approach, grounded in Islamic legal principles and maqāṣid-based systems thinking, to balance normative certainty with contextual justice. By positioning Islamic inheritance law as the normative core of an integrated family property transfer system encompassing waris, hibah, and wasiat, this study contributes to socio-legal scholarship on Islamic law and legal pluralism within Indonesia’s plural legal landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fajri, Idzam Fautanu, Ramdani Wahyu Sururie, Enceng Arif Faizal, and Muh. Bambang Taufik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pangngaderreng as the Legal Epistemology of the Bugis Community
This article analyzes pangngaderreng as a legal epistemology in the family law practice of the Bugis community by highlighting the integration between Islamic sharia normativity (sara’) and local rationality. This research uses empirical legal methods, analyzed with the theory of legal pluralism. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations and document studies. Interviews were conducted with religious leaders, academics, judges and community leaders as well as the community. While the documents analyzed were journal articles, books and a number of other scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that the elements of pangngaderreng have both epistemological and anthropological foundations. Pangngaderreng has four main elements, namely; ade’, rapang, wari’, and bicara, which function as legal reasoning mechanisms that ensure the application of sharia norms takes place contextually, deliberatively, and based on social propriety. Meanwhile, sara’ occupies a primary normative position that is functionally integrated in the local value structure. This article also emphasizes that the philosophical values ​​of Bugis culture remain intact, namely: accae (intelligence), lempu (honesty), warani (courage), and getteng (firmness), despite the challenges of social change. Theoretically, this article emphasizes the importance of a legal pluralism approach that recognizes all legal systems within Bugis society: Islamic law, customary law, and national law, which are integrated and intertwined in an accommodating and harmonious manner.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmatun Nair, A. Nuzul, Ismail Keri , Ahmad Irfan, and Khaeruddin Kiramang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The global economic crisis caused by many factors continues to impact the global world, including Indonesia. Conventional traders have used Julo-julo as a form of social capital to strengthen tradition-based economic practices amidst the pressures of the global free market. However, this phenomenon remains underexplored in the existing academic literature. In addition to addressing gaps in previous research, this study specifically examines how the traditional economic system that uses julo-julo by conventional traders in Sangkumpal Bonang Market, North Sumatra. Using a qualitative descriptive approach rooted in the case study method, analyzed with social capital theory. Data are based on three types, namely, observation, in-depth interviews and literature studies. Interviews were conducted with traders in Sangkumpal Bonang Market, while the literature analyzed were journal articles, proceedings, books related to the discussion. This study concludes that there are three dimensions that are key to the significant contribution of julo-julo, namely; First, this system is based on a social network built on trust, emotional closeness, and shared norms. Second, Julo-Julo offers high accessibility and practical flexibility while encouraging financial discipline among its members. Third, this system enhances the capacity of traders to manage capital, grow their businesses, and remain resilient under economic pressure. This study offers meaningful insights into the development of a tradition-based, community-rooted economic model as a viable strategy to address the challenges posed by global market liberalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Replita, Nusyirwan Effendi, Taufika Ophyandri, and Alfan Miko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
MUI Fatwas and Sharia-Based Policy Governance in Islamic Education Management in Indonesia
This study examines the influence of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) fatwas on Islamic education management in Indonesia, particularly in aligning sharia principles with contemporary educational practices. The purpose of this research is to explore the role of MUI fatwas in policy formation, curriculum adjustment, and governance frameworks to address the challenges posed by globalization and digitalization in Islamic education. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, data were collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis of policies implemented in various Islamic education institutions in Indonesia. The study focused on three key fatwas discussed in Ijtima Ulama forums: the third in 2009, the sixth in 2018, and the seventh in 2021. The findings reveal that MUI fatwas contribute significantly to three areas: the establishment of sharia-compliant educational policies, the adaptation of curricula to contemporary needs, and the promotion of equitable governance in Islamic education institutions. However, challenges such as varying interpretations and resistance from stakeholders hinder effective implementation. This research is original in its comprehensive analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of MUI fatwas on Islamic education management, providing new insights into the intersection of sharia principles and modern educational demands. The study has significant implications for policymakers, educators, and religious scholars. It highlights the need for harmonization between sharia-based fatwas and modern management practices to ensure the sustainability and relevance of Islamic education in Indonesia's evolving sociocultural landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuspiani Yuspiani, Muhsin Muhsin, Muhsin Mahfudz, Muhammad Shuhufi, and Firdaus Muhammad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
This article investigates the role of fatwa as a medium for institutionalizing wasathiyyah within Wahdah Islamiyah, one of Indonesia’s emerging Islamic movements. While wasathiyyah has been widely discussed in normative and political discourse, its embodiment in organizational fatwas remains underexplored. This study adopts a qualitative case study approach by analyzing fatwas issued by Wahdah Islamiyah’s Sharia Council (Dewan Syariah Wahdah Islamiyah), supported by interviews with council members and document analysis of official publications. The findings reveal that the Council’s fatwas consistently reflect a framework of moderation by balancing three principles: doctrinal orthodoxy (tahqiq al-‘aqidah), social responsibility (maslahah al-‘ammah), and contextual adaptability (murā‘āt al-waqi‘). Fatwas concerning interfaith relations, political engagement, and contemporary socio-economic issues demonstrate a deliberate attempt to avoid both rigid literalism and excessive liberalism. However, tensions also emerge as fatwas navigate between internal expectations of ideological purity and external pressures from a pluralistic society. This study argues that fatwas serve not only as instruments of normative regulation but also as vehicles for embedding wasathiyyah in organizational governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syandri Saban, Nurdiana Nurdiana, Ridwan Ridwan, and Muhammad Iqbal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
This article examines the role of women in Sufism from the perspective of Islamic law, focusing on their spiritual practices, historical contributions, and contemporary relevance. It employs a qualitative interpretive approach, drawing on literature analysis, observations of online Sufi learning activities, and semi-structured interviews with women participating in Sufi study circles. The analysis is grounded in Jasser Auda’s Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah framework, through which women’s spiritual engagement is assessed in relation to key legal objectives, including the preservation of religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and human dignity (ḥifẓ al-karāmah al-insāniyyah). The findings demonstrate that Sufi teachings, which emphasize spiritual equality and inner transformation, provide a normative Islamic basis for women’s active participation as spiritual leaders, intellectuals, and social actors. The study contributes to Islamic legal discourse by showing that women’s engagement in Sufism represents a viable and internally grounded framework for advancing gender equity and holistic human well-being within the tradition.
gender dimensions and contemporary Sufism practices
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosita Tandos and Amiruddin Kuba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Despite the theoretical potential of Islamic family law as an integrated framework for poverty alleviation through redistributive mechanisms like inheritance (farāidh), maintenance (nafaqah), wills (wasliyyah), and waqf, global scholarship exhibits significant thematic and methodological imbalances. This study addresses the lack of a comprehensive mapping of research trends and paradigm shifts at this intersection. It asks, what are the evolutionary trends, collaboration networks, and dominant thematic foci in global research on Islamic family law and poverty from 1990 to 2025? This research is subsequently comprehensive bibliometric research. This study uses the metadata of 597 documents from Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, and Semantic Scholar to map evolutionary trends, collaboration networks, and high-impact theme voids within the literature. The results show a pronounced imbalance, in which one of the keywords, ‘zakat,’ accounts for almost 70% of the thematic focus to the near total exclusion of other Islamic family law redistributive mechanisms such as inheritance (farāidh), nafaqah (alimony), and will (wasliyyah). The range of disciplines is dominated by social sciences and law, while religious studies and Islamic economics are conspicuously missing. It is this narrow perspective within maqhāsid sharia that displays a disintegrated approach that does not represent the comprehensive framework and methodology that the Islamic legal tradition employs to achieve the dual objectives of poverty alleviation (hifz al maslāhah) and wealth protection through lawful means (hifz al mal). It identifies a methodological gap by showing that 82% of studies using qualitative methods do not conduct an empirical impact assessment. These findings provide an impetus for a more multidisciplinary collaborative scholarly approach centered around empirical and maqhāsid oriented frameworks to examine how synergetic all instruments of Islamic family law can be toward successful poverty alleviation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hendra Cipta, Tauratiya Tauratiya, Reno Ismanto, and Anwar Radiamoda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Empowerment the An-Nadzir Community in South Sulawesi
This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic communication in building productive social capital and empowering the economy of the An-Nadhir Muslim minority community in Romanglompoa, South Sulawesi. Using a qualitative approach with ethnographic strategies and grounded theory analysis over 30 days, this study developed the Islamic Communication-Social Capital-Economic Action (ICSEA) Model, which explains the mechanisms of transforming religious values ​​into collective economic action. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews and document studies, documents were analyzed using NVivo 15. This study concludes that the An-Nadzir community in Romanglompoa, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, represents a unique phenomenon in how Islamic communication practices can transform religious discourse into productive social capital and measurable collective economic action. Despite being located in a Muslim minority context with complex structural challenges, this community has succeeded in developing economic empowerment mechanisms based on Islamic values ​​that demonstrate high resilience and adaptability. The ICSEA model was developed to explain the specific transformation mechanisms occurring in the An-Nadzir community, where communication practices based on hikmah (wisdom), mau'izah hasanah (good deeds), and mujādalah (intelligible texts) create a systematic pathway from religious values ​​to concrete economic empowerment. Thus, Islamic values ​​can act as a catalyst in the context of Islamic communication and social capital for the An-Nadzir community, thereby building religious trust, social networks, and collective efficacy, which are necessary for sustainable economic action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arifuddin Tike, Kamaluddin Tajibu , and Akhmad Fathur Fahlevi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rohingya Refugees and Human Trafficking in Indonesia
The humanitarian crisis involving Rohingya refugees has become a complex issue affecting the Southeast Asian region, particularly Indonesia, which has received several waves of refugee arrivals. The Rohingya, a Muslim ethnic minority from Myanmar, have long endured systematic discrimination, culminating in a mass exodus of over 700,000 individuals in 2017 following military operations by the Myanmar government. The presence of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia presents not only humanitarian concerns but also increases the risk of exploitation by human trafficking networks (TPPO). This study aims to analyse Indonesia’s policy response to the Rohingya refugee crisis, with a specific focus on efforts to prevent human trafficking. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was employed, reviewing 21 selected academic sources. The analysis evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesian government policies, the legal and institutional challenges in refugee protection, and the role of cooperation with international organisations such as UNHCR and IOM. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has provided temporary humanitarian assistance, its current policy framework remains insufficient to mitigate the refugees' vulnerability to trafficking. The study underscores the need for enhanced collaboration among the state, civil society, and international actors, as well as for a clearer legal framework grounded in human rights principles. Strengthening social protection mechanisms is essential to ensure that Rohingya refugees are safeguarded from exploitation and treated with dignity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alief Gunawan and Budi Setiyono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Financial Provision by Migrant Husbands and Its Impact on Family Resilience in Kampar Regency, Riau
This article examines the complexities of family life among women whose husbands migrate for work in Kampar Regency, Riau, with a focus on how financial obligations are fulfilled and how these conditions affect family resilience in economic, social, and psychological dimensions. The study employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with ten informants, consisting of wives, children, and community leaders. The findings reveal that the tradition of migration has long been embedded in Kampar’s cultural practices, leading to a generally positive acceptance of the migrant-husband phenomenon. Financial support in the form of remittances emerges as the primary factor sustaining family resilience, complemented by emotional support delivered mainly through communication. Social support, religiosity, and the contributions of children also play significant roles in strengthening family resilience. Conversely, challenges such as delayed remittances, infrequent communication, and moral issues including second marriages undertaken while living away pose serious threats to family stability. This article contributes academically to the development of family integrity theory and offers practical insights for policymakers and communities in formulating strategies for family empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Hardani, Akmal Abdul Munir, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, Jumni Nelli, and Nur Hasanah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reinterpreting al-Faḍlu al-Ḥawāʾij Through the Lens of Maqāṣid al Sharīʿah
The concept of al-faḍlu al-ḥawāʾij in zakat jurisprudence distinguishes between essential needs (ḥājat aṣliyyah) and surplus wealth that forms the basis of zakat obligations. In contemporary socio-economic contexts, however, the increasing diversity of living standards and professional needs has made the determination of surplus wealth more complex. At UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, differing interpretations of al-faḍlu al-ḥawāʾij among employees have contributed to the less-than-optimal implementation of institutional zakat policies administered through the UPZ BAZNAS. Although many employees, particularly civil servants in Class IV, Echelon II structural officials, and lecturers holding senior functional positions receive relatively high incomes, the assessment and institutional distribution of income-based zakat remain inconsistent. This study employs a qualitative approach within a normative-empirical paradigm, combining an analysis of classical and contemporary fiqh literature with field data obtained through in-depth interviews and document analysis. The findings reveal that employees tend to interpret a “decent standard of living” broadly, encompassing not only basic necessities but also assets such as private vehicles, relatively spacious housing, professional expenditures related to research and community service, and long-term financial investments. Through reinterpretation based on the framework of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, the study argues that al-faḍlu al-ḥawāʾij should be understood as wealth remaining after the fulfillment of primary (ḍarūriyyāt) and certain secondary (ḥājiyyāt) needs that support the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth. Establishing measurable and context-sensitive standards of basic needs is therefore essential for determining income-based zakat obligations more equitably and for strengthening institutional zakat management, including the consideration of salary-based deductions derived from actual surplus income.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulkifli Zulkifli, Kemas Muhammad Gemilang, Mohammad Abdi Almaktsur, Rozi Andrini, and Fitrianto Fitrianto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Childfree in The Perspective of Hadiths Ahkam
Childless marriage, or an agreement between a husband and wife not to have children after marriage, is currently a trending topic on various social media platforms. Based on this issue, the formulation of this research is how childless marriages are seen from the hadith perspective and what solutions the hadiths offer to overcome this problem. The research method used is a literature study using the theory of hadith hermeneutics. This research was carried out by collecting and analyzing various written sources, such as books, journals and articles as well as Mu'tabar hadith books. The results of the study indicate that the hadiths regarding the permissibility of 'azal studied are of authentic quality and can be accepted as evidence in religion. Regarding understanding, thematic studies, especially from the historical aspects, show that the desire to perform 'azal expressed by a companion to the Prophet Muhammad was related to the condition of his wife who was breastfeeding, so the use of these hadiths as a basis for the permissibility of childfree needs to be reviewed. This shows a significant difference between childfree and the permissibility of 'azal. That the permissibility of 'azal does not mean an attitude or desire to not have children permanently, However, it is only conditional and temporary. This differs from childfree, which actually refuses to have children in a marriage. Meanwhile, a thematic analysis involving other "similar" hadiths shows that Islam places a strong emphasis on having children for its ideological and worshipful values. Therefore, the childfree attitude that is starting to become commonplace among Muslim couples is discouraged, even though having or not having children is the right of every couple. Moreover, if this childfree attitude becomes a "movement" and is campaigned extensively, then every Muslim should not make it a "principle" or primary choice in marriage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hedhri Nadhiran, Muhammad Mirzan, Anisatul Mardiah, Deddy Ilyas, and Nugroho Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0