TEKNIK BIOREMEDIASI: KEUNTUNGAN, KETERBATASAN DAN PROSPEK RISET
Abstract
Bioremediasi merupakan teknik biologi yang digunakan untuk menyisihkan atau
menghilangkan polutan dari lingkungan dengan menggunakan agen biologi seperti bakteri, cendawan, alga dan tanaman. Bioremediasi dikenal sebagai teknik yang relatif ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan dibandingkan teknik lain seperti fisika dan kimia. Teknik bioremediasi telah banyak diterapkan secara luas di berbagai negara. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan kemampuan teknik ini dalam mendegrasi berbagai kontaminan. Namun sangat disayangkan informasi tentang prinsip, teknik, keuntungan dan keterbatasan dari teknik-teknik bioremediasi masih terbatas. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mereview tentang teknik-teknik, keuntungan dan keterbatasan, serta kemungkinan prospek riset yang bisa dilakukan dari teknik-teknik bioremediasi. Teknik bioremediasi yang dipaparkan dalam makalah ini adalah teknik in situ (Natural attenuation, fitoremediasi, bioventing, bioaugmentasi dan biosparging) dan eks-situ (bioreaktor, landfarming dan vermicomposting). Pemilihan teknik bioremediasi yang tepat untuk setiap kasus tergantung pada banyak faktor seperti jenis dan konsentrasi kontaminan atau polutan, sifat situs terkontaminasi, ambang batas konsentrasi yang diatur, waktu yang tersedia untuk melakukan remediasi, biaya dan urgensitas yang diperlukan. Tidak semua teknik bioremediasi cocok untuk semua kasus dan dapat dikatakan yang terbaik. Masing-masing teknik punya kelebihan dan keterbatasan masing-masing. Teknik bioremediasi eks situ cenderung lebih mahal karena biaya tambahan yang dikaitkan dengan penggalian dan transportasi. Meskipun demikian, teknik ini dapat digunakan untuk mentreatmen berbagai polutan secara terkendali. Sebaliknya, teknik in situ dinilai lebih ekonomis karena tidak dibutuhkan biaya tambahan untuk penggalian; namun, biaya pemasangan peralatan di tempat, ditambah dengan ketidakmampuan untuk memvisualisasikan dan mengontrol situs yang tercemar dapat menyebabkan beberapa teknik bioremediasi in situ tidak efisien.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/pbio.v8i2.9650
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