Indonesia’s Renewable Energy Outlook: What to Expect in The Future Renewable Energy of Indonesia. A Brief Review

Ian Kurniawan, Reisya Ichwani, Richa Fionasari, Aryansyah Batubara, Adri Huda

Abstract


Abstract: The government of the Republic of Indonesia has reported that Indonesia potentially have more than 400,000 Megawatts (MW) of renewable energy by 2021. However, there is no comprehensive study about the trend of development and priority movement in the renewable energy sector. The main reason for the absence of this study is the lack of significant information and reports on the prospects for renewable energy in Indonesia. The present study aims to provide a basic understanding of renewable energy sector growth in Indonesia. The study uses quantitative analysis with the secondary data obtained from the literature. The result showed that the hydropower plant contributed the highest energy production in Indonesia followed by bioenergy, solar energy, and wind energy. Furthermore, the production trends of hydropower plants and bioenergy were relatively stagnant over the last 11 years, and the highest significant improvement was found in the solar energy sector. However, the number of solar energy production was far away from the targeted goal in RUEN (National Energy Master Plan/Rencana Utama Energi Nasional) 2017. The high cost of the solar energy sector become the main reason for the unsuccessful development of solar energy in Indonesia. Furthermore, several administrations and regulations were found to the political reasons which delay the energy transition improvement. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia must be able to improve and form regulations in the form of tax reduction regulations and electricity export-import subsidies to spur the growth and development of renewable energy in Indonesia. Opening up space for renewable energy investment in the public sector is a real contribution to society and is a solution to accelerate the achievement of the energy transition in Indonesia.

Abstrak: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah melaporkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi lebih dari 400.000 Megawatts (MW) Energi Baru dan Terbarukan (EBT) di tahun 2021. Namun, penelitian terhadap pola pengembangan dan pergerakan pengembangan EBT masih belum banyak ditemukan. Alasan utama dari tidak ditemukan penelitian ataupun studi tentang potensi EBT di Indonesia adalah keterbatasan informasi dan laporan terhadap prospek EBT di Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan pemahaman dasar dari perkembangan sektor EBT di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga (PLT) Air menjadi sektor yang paling banyak memproduksi EBT di Indonesia disusul oleh PLT Bioenergi, PLT Surya, dan PLT Bayu. Namun, pola produksi energi menunjukkan PLT Air dan PLT Bioenergi menunjukkan produktivitas yang relative tetap pada 11 tahun terakhir dimana peningkatan produktivitas terbesar berada pada PLT Surya. Namun, jumlah produktivitas PLT Surya masih tergolong kecil jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah produksi target yang dilaporkan pada Rancangan Utama Energi Nasional (RUEN) 2017. Biaya yang tinggi dari PLT Surya menjadi alasan utama dari ketidakberhasilan pengembangan PLT Surya di Indonesia. Selain itu, beberapa alasan administratif dan regulasi ditemukan menjadi alasan politis yang dapat memperlambat pengembangan transisi energi di Indonesia. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia harus mampu memperbaiki dan membentuk regulasi berupa adanya regulasi pengurangan pajak dan subsidi ekspor-impor listrik untuk memacu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan energi terbarukan di Indonesia. Membuka ruang untuk investasi energi terbarukan ke sektor public merupakan kontribusi nyata ke masyarakat merupakan solusi untuk  mempercepat pencapaian transisi energi di Indonesia.


Keywords


Renewable Energy; Energy Policy; Energy Transition; Green Technology Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References


Advisor, F. (2022). How Much Do Solar Panels Cost? https://www.forbes.com/advisor/home-improvement/average-cost-of-solar-panels/ Accessed on 21 May 2023

Ahdiat, A. (2022). Pertumbuhan PLTU Batu Bara Indonesia Tertinggi di G20. The coal-fired power plant growth in Indonesia is the highest in the G20. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/11/14/pertumbuhan-pltu-batu-bara-indonesia-tertinggi-di-g20 Accessed on 13 May 2023

Bagherabadi, K. M., Skjong, S., Bruinsma, J., Pedersen, E. (2022). System-level modeling of marine power plant with PEMFC system and battery. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 14, 100487. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2022.100487

Benda, V., Černá, L. (2020). PV cells and modules – State of the art, limits and trends. Heliyon, 6(12), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05666

European Commission (2023). Paris Agreement. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/international-action-climate-change/climate-negotiations/paris-agreement_en. Accessed on 11 May 2023

Secretarial General of National Energy Council (2020). Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019. https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-outlook-energi-indonesia-2019-bahasa-indonesia.pdf; Accessed on 12 May 2023.

Didik, H., Bambang, P. N., Asep, S., Purwanto, Y. A., (2018). Sustainability Challenge of Micro Hydro Power Development in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 147. 012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/147/1/012031

Dwi, M. F. (2023). Fix! Aturan Ekspor Listrik PLTS Atap ke PLN Dihapus. C. Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230310083708-4-420504/fix-aturan-ekspor-listrik-plts-atap-ke-pln-dihapus. Accessed on 19 June 2023.

EBTKE, Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru dan Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (2022). Capaian Kerja Tahun 2021 dan Program Kerja 2022 Sektor ESDM. The annual progress plans of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Indonesia in the year 2021 and the plan for 2022 programs. ,https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/post/2022/01/13/3052/capaian.kinerja.tahun.2021.dan.program.kerja.2022.sektor.esdm. Accessed on 10 May 2023.

EDSM, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Republik Indonesia (2018). Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia Nomor 48 Tahun 2018 tentang Penetapan Objek Vital Nasional Bidang Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/142948/permen-esdm-no-48-tahun-2018. Accessed on 10 May 2023

ESDM, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Republik Indonesia (2017). Rencana Umum Energi Nasional. https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-rencana-umum-energi-nasional-ruen.pdf. Accessed on 11 May 2023

Hakim, R. R. A. (2020). Model Energi Indonesia, Tinjauan Potensi Energi Terbarukan untuk Ketahanan Energi di Indonesia: Literatur Review. ANDASIH Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, 1, 1-10.

Halawa, E. E. H., Sugiyatno. (2001). Estimation of global solar radiation in the Indonesian climatic region. Renewable Energy, 24(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(00)00196-8

Hartono, J., Hastuti, H.S., Halimatussadiah, A., Saraswati, A., Mita, A.F., Indriani, V., (2020). Comparing the impacts of fossil and renewable energy investments in Indonesia: A simple general equilibrium analysis. Heliyon, 6 (6). e04120. ISSN 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04120.

IEA, International Energy Agency (2020). Indonesian Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source. https://www.iea.org/countries/indonesia. Accessed on 07 May 2023

IESR, Institute for Essential Services Reform (2017). Energi Terbarukan: Energi untuk Kini dan Nanti. https://www.iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/COMS-PUB-0001_Briefing-Paper-1_Energi-Terbarukan.pdf. Accessed on 1 May 2023

IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2019). Renewable energy statistics 2019. Abu Dhabi, United. https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2019. Accessed on 25 April 2023

Isa, M., Zulfadhli, Thahul, C. F. & Cesarian. D., P. (2021). Geothermal Distribution Analysis of Geureudong Volcano Based On Satellite Data and Fault Fracture Density (FFD). Elkawnie, 7(2), 354-367. https://doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v7i2.9728

Kalkbrenner, B. J., Roosen, J. (2016). Citizens’ willingness to participate in local renewable energy projects: The role of community and trust in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 13, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.006.

NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2020). U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmark: Q1 2020. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77324.pdf; Accessed on 27 April 2023

OurWorldinData. (2022). Annual percentage change in renewable energy generation, 1966 to 2021. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-renewables?tab=chart&country=ISL~Other+South+America+%28BP%29. Accessed on 25 April 2023

Patapati, S. (2021). Power Plant Cost Comparison. Stanford University. United States. http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2021/ph240/patapati2/ Accessed on 5 September 2023.

PLN, (2018). Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara 2018 sampai dengan 2027. https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2018/04/RUPTL-PLN-2018-2027.pdf Accessed on 5 September 2023

PLN, (2022). Statistics PLN 2021. PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara. https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2022/09/Statistic-PLN-2021-English-8-9-22.pdf Accessed on 5 September 2023.

Syahputra, R., Soesanti, I., (2021). Renewable energy systems based on micro-hydro and solar photovoltaic for rural areas: A case study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Energy Reports, Volume 7, Pages 472-490, ISSN 2352-4847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.015.

Setyawati, D. (2020). Analysis of perceptions towards the rooftop photovoltaic solar system policy in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 144, 111569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111569

Y. Siregar, F. H. Siregar, E. Sinulingga and Suherman, (2021) "Design of Geothermal and Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy in Sipoholon Village, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera," 2021 5th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM), Medan, Indonesia, 2021, pp. 60-63, doi: 10.1109/ELTICOM53303.2021.9590173

Suhono, Sarjiya, (2015). Long-term Electricity Demand Forecasting of Sumatera System Based on Electricity Consumption Intensity and Indonesia Population Projection 2010-2035, Energy Procedia, Volume 68, Pages 455-462, ISSN 1876-6102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.277

Suparwoko, Qamar, F. A. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of rooftop solar power plant implementation and policy on mosques: an Indonesian case study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 4823. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08968-6

Tacconi, L. (2018) Indonesia’s NDC bodes ill for the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change, 8(10), 842-842; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0277-8




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v8i2.18738

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Ian Kurniawan, Reisya Ichwani, Richa Fionasari, Aryansyah, Adri Huda

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

P-ISSN : 2460-8912
E-ISSN : 2460-8920

ELKAWNIE

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology in 2022. Published by Faculty of Science and Technology in cooperation with Center for Research and Community Service (LP2M), UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia.

View full page view stats report click here

Flag Counter