Analyzing gender equality in the US and Indonesian parliaments through liberal feminism theory

Fikri Gali Fernando Holqi; Ardhia Saveria Regita; Ana Aprillia; Izzah Qurotul A’yun

doi:10.22373/equality.v10i1.22688

Analyzing gender equality in the US and Indonesian parliaments through liberal feminism theory

Fikri Gali Fernando Holqi, Ardhia Saveria Regita, Ana Aprillia, Izzah Qurotul A’yun

Abstract

Gender inequality is a persistent issue experienced by women worldwide, often intertwined with their limited participation in political spheres. This study examines the political involvement of women in the parliaments of Indonesia and the United States of America (USA) through the lens of liberal feminism theory. Employing qualitative decryption approaches with a comparative study design, data collected from both the Indonesian Parliament and the USA Parliament were understood, recorded, phrased, compared and analyzed within the framework of liberal feminism theory, focusing on the "Right in Public Life and Politics". The results of the study revealed that while the Government of Indonesia has enacted legislation mandating a minimum of 30% female representation in political parties, both the Indonesian and US parliaments exhibit disproportionately low levels of female members compared to their male counterparts. A notable distinction between the two lies in the parliamentary leadership, with Indonesia being led by a woman and the USA by men. To enhance women's political participation, it is imperative for both governments to rigorously enforce regulations and sanctions against political parties. Additionally, efforts to dismantle the prevailing masculine culture in various societies are crucial in order to foster gender equality and justice, thereby realizing gender democracy.

Keywords

Gender Equality; Women's Political Participation; Parliament; Indonesia and USA

Full Text:

PDF ENGLISH

References

Al Ayubi, M. S., & Zahidi, M. S. (2022). Perbandingan pengaruh women’s march terhadap kebijakan publik di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat [Comparison of the effect of the mowen’s march on public policy in Indonesia and The United States]. Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 13(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v13i1.2910

Aniqurrohmah, S. F. L. (2023). Kesetaraan gender dan nilai nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya menurut hak asasi manusia. Jurnal Dunia Ilmu Hukum (JURDIKUM), 1(2), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.59435/jurdikum.v1i2.170

Audina, J. D. (2022). Kesetaraan gender dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia. Nomos: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum, 2(4), 148–154. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.56393/nomos.v1i6.602

Budiardjo, M. (2008). Dasar-dasar ilmu politik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka.

Damsar, D. (2010). Pengantar sosiologi politik. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.

Dedees, A. R. (2016). Merebut kursi impian partisipasi perempuan di tengah intervensi negara dan dinasti politik. Intizar, 22(2), 319. https://doi.org/10.19109/intizar.v22i2.947

DuBois, E. C. (1973). The radicalism of the women’s suffrage movement. Chicago: University of lllinois Press.

Gani, R. (2018). Islam dan kesetaraan gender. Al-Wardah: Jurnal Kajian Perempuan, Gender Dan Agama, 12(2), 114–122.

Goodman, G. R. dan D. J. (2014). Teori sosiologi; Dari teori sosiologi klasik sampai perkembangan mutakhir teori sosial postmodern (I. R. Muzir, ed.). Bantul: Kreasi wacana.

Gusmansyah, W. (2019). Dinamika kesetaraan gender dalam kehidupan politik di Indonesia. Hawa, 1(1), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.29300/hawapsga.v1i1.2233

Hague, R., & Harrop, M. (2004). Comparative government and politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hasya, R. “Menengok angka representasi perempuan di parlemen Indonesia,” www.goodstats.id, https://goodstats.id/article-menengok-angka-represnasi-perempuan-di-parlemen-indonesia-EICK4 (accessed on February 23, 2024).

Hevriansyah, A. (2021). Hak politik keterwakilan perempuan dalam sistem proporsional representatif pada pemilu legislatif. Awasia: Jurnal Pemilu Dan Demokrasi, 1(1), h 67-85. Retrieved from http://jurnal.banten.bawaslu.go.id/index.php/awasia/article/view/41

Heywood, A. (2013). Politic. London: Mac Milan.

Hirschmann, N. J. (2011). Feminism. London: Oxford University Press.

Huntington, S. P & Nelson, J. (1994). Partisipasi politik di negara berkembang. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

International Parliamentary Union, “United States of America-House of Representative Council,” https://api.data.ipu.org/node/185/historical-data-on-women?chamber_id=13387 (Accessed on February 24, 2024).

Ismail, Z., Lestari, M. P., Rahayu, P., & Novita, F. (2020). Kesetaraan gender ditinjau dari sudut pandang normatif dan sosiologis. SASI, 26(28), 154–161. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v26i2.224

Kamaliah, M. (2017). Partisipasi perempuan sebagai anggota tuha peut gampong dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Kecamatan Meureudu. Gender Equality, 3(1), 45–60. Retrieved from http://www.jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/equality/article/view/1947/1451

Karam, A. (2002). Women in parliament: Beyond numbers. In International IDEA. Stockholm: IDEA: International Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

Keith, F. (2010). Sosiologi politik pengantar kritis. Bandung: Nusa Media.

Kiftiyah, A. (2019). Perempuan dalam partisipasi politik di Indonesia. Jurnal YINYANG, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.35586/jyur.v6i2.874

Larasati, A. M., & Ayu, N. P. (2020). The education for gender equality and human rights in Indonesia: Contemporary issues and controversial problems. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37321.

Lipsitz, S. B. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming debates on sexual inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of gender. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Mayrudin, Y. M., Nurrohman, B., & Astuti, D. S. (2022). Eksistensi politik kader perempuan pada pengorganisasian partai-partai politik. Ijd-Demos, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.37950/ijd.v4i3.323

Meria, A., Hakim, L., Hasnah, R., Nursa, R. A., & Hadi, R. T. (2022). Women leadership model in Islamic Religious College (PTKIN) in implementing gender responsive program policies (Gender studies at IAIN Bukittinggi, IAIN Ponorogo, and IAIN Metro Lampung). Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies, 8(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.22373/equality.v8i2.13224

Mumtazinur, M. (2017). Peran perempuan dalam proses pemulihan perdamaian di Burundi melalui penerapan Resolusi 1325 Dewan Keamanan PBB. Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies, 3(1), 85–96.

Nurcahyo, A. (2016). Relevansi budaya patriarki dengan partisipasi politik dan keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen. Agastya: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Pembelajarannya, 6(01), 25. https://doi.org/10.25273/ajsp.v6i01.878

Philips, Ann. (1998). The Politics of Presence. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Prameswari, Y. W., Trihartono, A., & Hara, A. E. (2023). Women’s representation in the 2018 United States midterm elections. Journal of Feminism and Gender Studies, 3(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.19184/jfgs.v3i1.30625

Rangga, R. “Kuota 30% di parlemen belum pernah tercapai,” tirto.id, https://tirto.id/kuota-30-perempuan-di-parlemen-belum-pernah-tercapai-cv8q (accessed on February 23, 2024).

Ratnawati, D., & Sulistyorini, A. Z. A. (2019). Kesetaraan gender tentang pendidikan laki-laki dan perempuan. Harkat, 15(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15408/harkat.v15il.13436.

Setiawan, H., Ouddy, S., & Pratiwi, M. G. (2018). Isu kesetaraan gender dalam optik feminist jurisprudence dan implementasinya di Indonesia. Jurisprudentie : Jurusan Ilmu Hukum Fakultas Syariah Dan Hukum, 5(2), 121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24252/jurisprudentie.v5i2.6285

Soetjipto, A. (2011). Politik harapan: Perjalanan politik perempuan Indonesia pasca reformasi. Jakarta: Marjin Kiri.

Tong, P. R. (1998). Feminist thought. Bandung: Jalasutra.

Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.

Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah.

Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Partai Politk.

UNDP. (2018). Regional organizations, gender equality and the political empowerment of women. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/inclusive-political-institutions/regional-organizations--gender-equality-and-the-political-empowe.html.

Wahyudi, R. Y. E. (2023). Challenges and strategies for gender mainstreaming policy in smart city development in Indonesia. Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies, 9(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.23.9.12.s14

Warjiyati, S. (2016). Partisipasi politik perempuan perspektif hukum Islam. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Perundangan Islam, 6(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2016.6.1.1-27

Wibisono, R. B. (2022). Pencapaian identitas politik perempuan di Indonesia. Jurnal Mengkaji Indonesia, 1(1), 67–80.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/equality.v10i1.22688