Analysis of Electrical Properties of Activated Carbon from Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunches (EOPFB) Against Variations in Chemical Activation Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22373/p-jpft.v12i2.32009Keywords:
Activated Carbon, Chemical Activation, Conductivity, CapacitanceAbstract
Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunches (EOPFB) have a high organic content such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which have the potential to be used as raw materials for activated carbon. This study aims to analyze the electrical properties of activated carbon produced from EOPFB using various chemical activation materials, namely KOH, ZnCl2, and CuCl2. The synthesis process includes drying, carbonization at 600 ℃ for 1 hour and chemical activation for 24 hours. Characteristics of diffraction patterns using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Electrical properties of resistivity and conductivity using the 4-point probe method. In addition, the capacitance and dielectric constant using the parallel plate method. The results of this study show that the diffraction pattern of activated carbon from EOPFB generally forms an amorphous phase. Activated carbon with ZnCl2 chemical activation increases the electrical conductivity, which is 1.15 × 108 S/m compared to KOH at 4.1 × 10-1 S/m and CuCl2 at 1.9 × 10-1 S/m. The capacitance value increased with chemical activation of CuCl2, namely 4.44 × 10-3 F/g compared to ZnCl2 at 3.8 × 10-3 F/g and KOH at 1.06 × 10-3 F/g. The dielectric constant value of activated carbon increased by using chemical activation of CuCl2, namely 5.6 × 1010 compared to ZnCl2 of 5.3 × 1010 and KOH of 1.5 × 1010. It has potential as a dielectric material for capacitors.
References
Barakat, N. A. M., Irfan, O. M., & Moustafa, H. M. (2023). H3PO4/KOH Activation Agent for High Performance Rice Husk Activated Carbon Electrode in Acidic Media Supercapacitors. Molecules, 28(1), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010296
Cheng, Y., Hao, Z., Hao, C., Deng, Y., Li, X., Li, K., & Zhao, Y. (2019). A review of modification of carbon electrode material in capacitive deionization. RSC Advances, 9(42), 24401–24419. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04426d
Chi, V. M., Hai, N. M., Lan, N., & Huong, N. V. (2023). An empirical model for electrical resistivity of mortar considering the synergistic effects of carbon fillers, current intensity, and environmental factors. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 19(1), e02685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02685
Diantoro, M., Aturroifah, N. I. M., Utomo, J., Luthfiyah, I., Hamidah, I., Yuliarto, B., Rusydi, A., Meevesana, W., Maensiri, S., & Singh, P. K. (2025). Optimizing sponge-like activated carbon from Manihot esculenta tubers for high-performance supercapacitors. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 18(1), 106068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2024.106068
Ghosh, S., Zhang, Y., Pagani, G., Suriano, R., Agozzino, M., Jastrzębska, A., & S. Casari, C. (2025). KOH-activated micrometer-thick amorphous carbon nanofoam as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode with high-rate performance. Chemical Communications, 61(68), 12797–12800. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CC01916H
Hajagos, S., Kovács, J. G., Suplicz, A., Széplaki, P., & Zink, B. (2025). An experimental and theoretical study on the electrical conductivity of polymer composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 39(1), 6300–6309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.10.217
Hardi, A. D., Joni, R., Syukri, S., & Aziz, H. (2020). Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit sebagai Elektroda Superkapasitor. Jurnal Fisika Unand, 9(4), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.25077/jfu.9.4.479-486.2020
Huda, A. N., Lestari, I., & Hidayat, S. (2022). Pemanfaatan Karbon Aktif dari Sekam Padi Sebagai Elektroda Superkapasitor. JIIF (Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika), 6(2), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.24198/jiif.v6i2.39639
Kongto, P., Palamanit, A., Ninduangdee, P., Singh, Y., Chanakaewsomboon, I., Hayat, A., & Wae-hayee, M. (2022). Intensive exploration of the fuel characteristics of biomass and biochar from oil palm trunk and oil palm fronds for supporting increasing demand of solid biofuels in Thailand. Energy Reports, 8(1), 5640–5652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.033
Kristiyono, R., Nugroho, B., & Supriyanto, B. (2022). Automatic charging battery lithium untuk kendaraan listrik. Teknika, 7(4), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.52561/teknika.v7i4.195
Liu, H., Deshmukh, A., Salowitz, N., Zhao, J., & Sobolev, K. (2022). Resistivity Signature of Graphene-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composite Subjected to Mechanical Loading. Frontiers in Materials, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.818176
Ma, Z., Jiang, B., Yuan, Q., Cao, L., Liu, L., Tian, J., Huang, Z., Zong, Z., Lin, Z., Zhang, P., & Wang, J. (2021). Tobacco stalks core-derived activated carbon with high capacitance by ZnCl2 for supercapacitors. Vibroengineering PROCEDIA, 39(1), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2021.22275
Maslahat, M., Kamalia, E., & Arrisujaya, D. (2022). Sintesis dan karakterisasi mikro partikel karbon aktif tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Analit : Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 7(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.23960/aec.v7i02.2022.p177-188
Moon, J., Yun, H., Ukai, J., Chokradjaroen, C., Thiangtham, S., Hashimoto, T., Kim, K., Sawada, Y., & Saito, N. (2023). Correlation function of specific capacity and electrical conductivity on carbon materials by multivariate analysis. Carbon, 215(1), 118479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118479
Muryanto, M., Sudiyani, Y., Darmawan, M. A., Handayani, E. M., & Gozan, M. (2023). Simultaneous Delignification and Furfural Production of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch by Novel Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48(12), 16359–16371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08211-y
Nandi, R., Jha, M. K., Guchhait, S. K., Sutradhar, D., & Yadav, S. (2023). Impact of KOH Activation on Rice Husk Derived Porous Activated Carbon for Carbon Capture at Flue Gas alike Temperatures with High CO2/N2 Selectivity. ACS Omega, 8(5), 4802–4812. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c06955
Neme, I., Gonfa, G., & Masi, C. (2022). Activated carbon from biomass precursors using phosphoric acid: A review. Heliyon, 8(12), e11940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11940
Parnasari, P., Nurhanisa, M., & Nugroho, B. S. (2022). Studi Kapasitansi dan Konstanta Dielektrik Pada Karbon Aktif Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit. PRISMA FISIKA, 10(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.26418/pf.v10i1.54333
Pet, I., Sanad, M. N., Farouz, M., ElFaham, M. M., El-Hussein, A., El-sadek, M. S. A., Althobiti, R. A., & Ioanid, A. (2024). Review: Recent Developments in the Implementation of Activated Carbon as Heavy Metal Removal Management. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 9(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-024-00287-3
Rahmawati, R., Fadlly, T., & Harmawan, T. (2019). Karakterisitik energi gap (Eg) komposit ZnO/karbon aktif dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jack) untuk aplikasi sel surya. Jurnal Fisika, 9(2), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.15294/jf.v9i2.23334
Rosmalinda, R., Rahmawati, R., & Fadlly, T. A. (2021). Pengaruh Variasi Karbon Aktif dari TKKS Pada TiO2 Terhadap Efisiensi Sel Surya DSSC Menggunakan Dye Kulit Jengkol (Pitchellobium Lobatum Benth). Wahana Fisika, 6(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.17509/wafi.v6i2.39222
Sanni, A., Govindarajan, D., Nijpanich, S., Limphirat, W., Theerthagiri, J., Choi, M. Y., & Kheawhom, S. (2025). Al-doped ZnO@CuO nanoflower/nanorod heterostructures on CNTs as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes in redox-supporting electrolytes. Journal of Energy Storage, 109(1), 115184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.115184
Tamara, G. J., Polii, J., Tumimomor, F. R., Rampengan, A. M., & Mongan, S. W. (2024). Karakteristik I-V elektroda superkapasitor berbasis karbon aktif kulit kacang batik kawangkoan. SOSCIED, 7(2), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.32531/jsoscied.v7i2.834
Tarhini, A., & Tehrani-Bagha, A. R. (2023). Advances in Preparation Methods and Conductivity Properties of Graphene-based Polymer Composites. Applied Composite Materials, 30(6), 1737–1762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10145-5
Terry, L. M., Loy, A. C. M., Chew, J. J., How, B. S., Andiappan, V., & Sunarso, J. (2022). Chemical engineering and the sustainable oil palm biomass industry—Recent advances and perspectives for the future. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 188(1), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.017
Varela, C. F., Moreno-Aldana, L. C., & Agámez-Pertuz, Y. Y. (2024). Adsorption of pharmaceutical pollutants on ZnCl2-activated biochar from corn cob: Efficiency, selectivity and mechanism. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 9(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2023.10.003
Wang, Y., Zeng, Q., Du, X., Gao, Y., & Yin, B. (2021). The structural, mechanical and electronic properties of novel superhard carbon allotropes: Ab initio study. Materials Today Communications, 29(1), 102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102980
Yao, S., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Geng, X., Dai, L., & Wang, Y. (2023). CuCl2-Activated Sustainable Microporous Carbons with Tailorable Multiscale Pores for Effective CO2 Capture. ACS Omega, 8(44), 41641–41648. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c05842
Yuningsih, L. M., Mulyadi, D., & Kurnia, A. J. (2016). Pengaruh Aktivasi Arang Aktif dari Tongkol Jagung dan Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Luas Permukaan dan Daya Jerap Iodin. Jurnal Kimia Valensi, 2(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3091
Zare, Y., Munir, M. T., & Rhee, K. Y. (2024). Assessment of electrical conductivity of polymer nanocomposites containing a deficient interphase around graphene nanosheet. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59678-0
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Erna Krisda Wati Br Tarigan, Frada Erisa Pakpahan, Nirmala Sari, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Teuku Andi Fadlly
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Phi agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
