Measuring EFL students’ self-efficacy levels in online learning

Maman Asrobi, Siti Maysuroh, Zukhruf Farizi

Abstract


The rapid development of technology and the integration of technology into the education system have made several educational institutions begin to introduce and begin to apply it in their teaching and learning processes, one of which is by applying distance/online/remote learning methods that are considered flexible and convenience. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of self-efficacy that EFL students in higher education have regarding the use of online learning methods in their teaching and learning activities. The data in this study were taken through an online survey technique of 60 higher education EFL students. The instrument used is Self-Efficacy for Online Learning (SeQoL) which contains 20 statements with 3-point Likert-type scale. The findings in this study found that the level EFL learner self-efficacy in online learning was in moderate level (M= 2.22; SD= .59). Based on this result, EFL students need to adapt more to online learning methods so that they are able to master online learning experiences to get high self-efficacy.


Keywords


Self-Efficacy, EFL students, online learning

Full Text:

PDF

References


Amiti, F. (2020). Synchronous and asynchronous e-learning. European Journal of Open Education and E-Learning Studies, 5(2), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejoe.v5i2.3313

Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy. In Self- Efficacy in Changing Societies. In Cambridge University Press.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. In Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.

Castro, M. D. B., & Tumibay, G. M. (2021). A literature review: efficacy of online learning courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1367–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10027-z

Chun, H. (2015). Enhancing online learning experience : From learners’ perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1002–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.403

Farahat, T. (2012). Applying the technology acceptance model to online learning in the Egyptian universities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.012

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw HIll.

Fong, C. J., & Krause, J. M. (2014). Lost confidence and potential: A mixed methods study of underachieving college students’ sources of self-efficacy. Social Psychology of Education, 17(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-013-9239-1

Han, J., Geng, X., & Wang, Q. (2021). Sustainable development of university efl learners’ engagement, satisfaction, and self-efficacy in online learning environments: Chinese experiences. Sustainability, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111655

Husain, U. K. (2014). Relationship between self-efficacy and academic motivation. International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities (ICEEH'14). 36-39Jack

Lee, Y.-H., Hsiao, C., & Purnomo, S. H. (2014). An empirical examination of individual and system characteristics on enhancing e-learning acceptance. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 30(5), 15828. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.381

Lestari, Z. W., Saleh, M., Mujiyanto, J., & Yusuf, S. (2020). Students’ self efficacy in learning english: A case study at a vocational high school. Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Education and Technology (ISET 2019), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200620.081

Namaziandost, E., & Çakmak, F. (2020). An account of EFL learners’ self-efficacy and gender in the flipped classroom model. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4041–4055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10167-7

Palvia, S., Aeron, P., Gupta, P., Mahapatra, D., Parida, R., Rosner, R., & Sindhi, S. (2018). Online Education: Worldwide Status, Challenges, Trends, and Implications. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(4), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2018.1542262

Paul, J., & Jefferson, F. (2019). A comparative analysis of student performance in an online vs. face-to-face environmental science course from 2009 to 2016. Frontiers in Computer Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2019.00007

Peechapol, C., Na-Songkhla, J., Sujiva, S., & Luangsodsai, A. (2018). An exploration of factors influencing self-efficacy in online learning: A systematic review. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(9), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.8351

Perveen, A. (2016). Synchronous and asynchronous e-language learning: A case study of virtual university of Pakistan. Open Praxis, 8(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.1.212

Pimentel, J. L. (2019). Some biases in likert scaling usage and its correction. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 45(1), 183–191.

Power, J., Lynch, R., & McGarr, O. (2020). Difficulty and self-efficacy: An exploratory study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12755

Punyasettro, S., Wangwongwiroj, T., & Yasri, P. (2021). An assessment tool for measuring learners’ self-efficacy. Psychology and Education Journal, 58, 104–110.

Rahmania, F. N. (2020). EFL students’ self-efficacy and online presentation performance: Correlational study. Retain, 8(2), 66–75.

Ramsin, A., & Mayall, H. J. (2019). Assessing ESL learners’ online learning self-efficacy in Thailand: Are they ready? Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 467–479. https://doi.org/10.28945/4452

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, C. B. McCormick, G. M. Sinatra, & J. Sweller (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook, Vol. 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 101–123). https://doi.org/10.1037/13273-005

Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (pp. 153–179). Elsevier Academic Press

Sembiring, L. T. A. B., Rukmini, D., Mujiyanto, J., & Yuliasri, I. (2018). The impact of comprehension instruction on students’ reading comprehension with different ability grouping and self-efficacy. TESOL International Journal, 13(4), 156–171.

Shen, D., Cho, M. H., Tsai, C. L., & Marra, R. (2013). Unpacking online learning experiences: Online learning self-efficacy and learning satisfaction. Internet and Higher Education, 19, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.04.001

Shih, H.-F., Chen, S.-H. E., Chen, S.-C., & Wey, S.-C. (2013). The relationship among tertiary level EFL students’ personality, online learning motivation and online learning satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1152–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.442

Taipjutorus, W., Hansen, S., & Brown, M. (2012). Investigating a relationship between learner control and self-efficacy in an online learning environment. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 16(1), 56–69.

Tsai, C. L., Cho, M. H., Marra, R., & Shen, D. (2020). The self-efficacy questionnaire for online learning (SeQoL). Distance Education, 41(4), 472–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821604

Ucar, H., & yazici bozkaya, M. (2016). Preservice EFL teachers self-efficacy beliefs, orientations and participations in an online learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 6 (4), 15–30

Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). How Reliable are Measurement Scales? External Factors with Indirect Influence on Reliability Estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00123-9

Wilde, N., & Hsu, A. (2019). The influence of general self-efficacy on the interpretation of vicarious experience information within online learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0158-x

Yang, P.-L. (2016). In-class online discussion activities to enhance efl learners’ english self-efficacy and language learning strategies. ASIAN TEFL: Journal of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.21462/asiantefl.v1i2.16

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. In Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.

Castro, M. D. B., & Tumibay, G. M. (2021). A literature review: Efficacy of online learning courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1367–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10027-z

Chun, H. (2015). Enhancing online learning experience : From learners’ perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1002–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.403

Farahat, T. (2012). Applying the technology acceptance model to online learning in the egyptian universities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.012

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research In educatIon (8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw HIll.

Han, J., Geng, X., & Wang, Q. (2021). Sustainable development of university efl learners’ engagement, satisfaction, and self-efficacy in online learning environments: Chinese experiences. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111655

Lee, Y.-H., Hsiao, C., & Purnomo, S. H. (2014). An empirical examination of individual and system characteristics on enhancing e-learning acceptance. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 30(5), 15828. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.381

Namaziandost, E., & Çakmak, F. (2020). An account of EFL learners’ self-efficacy and gender in the flipped classroom model. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4041–4055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10167-7

Nguyen, T. (2015). The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant difference and future horizons. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(2), 309–319.

Palvia, S., Aeron, P., Gupta, P., Mahapatra, D., Parida, R., Rosner, R., & Sindhi, S. (2018). Online education: Worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(4), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2018.1542262

Paul, J., & Jefferson, F. (2019). A comparative analysis of student performance in an online vs. face-to-face environmental science course from 2009 to 2016. Frontiers in Computer Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2019.00007

Peechapol, C., Na-Songkhla, J., Sujiva, S., & Luangsodsai, A. (2018). An exploration of factors influencing self-efficacy in online learning: A systematic review. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(9), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.8351

Pimentel, J. L. (2019). Some biases in likert scaling usage and its correction. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 45(1), 183–191. Retrieved from https://www.gssrr.org/index.php/JournalOfBasicAndApplied/article/view/9874

Punyasettro, S., Wangwongwiroj, T., & Yasri, P. (2021). An assessment tool for measuring learners’ self-rfficacy. Psychology and Education Journal, 58, 104–110.

Rahmania, F. N. (2020). EFL students’ self-efficacy and online presentation performance: Correlational study. Retain, 8(2), 66–75.

Ramsin, A., & Mayall, H. J. (2019). Assessing ESL learners’ online learning self-efficacy in Thailand: Are they ready? Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 467–479. https://doi.org/10.28945/4452

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, T. Urdan, C. B. McCormick, G. M. Sinatra, & J. Sweller (Eds.), APA educational psychology handbook, Vol. 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 101–123). https://doi.org/10.1037/13273-005

Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (pp. 153–179). Elsevier Academic Press

Sembiring, L. T. A. B., Rukmini, D., Mujiyanto, J., & Yuliasri, I. (2018). The impact of comprehension instruction on students’ reading comprehension with different ability grouping and self-efficacy. TESOL International Journal, 13(4), 156–171.

Shen, D., Cho, M. H., Tsai, C. L., & Marra, R. (2013). Unpacking online learning experiences: Online learning self-efficacy and learning satisfaction. Internet and Higher Education, 19, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.04.001

Shih, H.-F., Chen, S.-H. E., Chen, S.-C., & Wey, S.-C. (2013). The relationship among tertiary level EFL students’ personality, online learning motivation and online learning satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1152–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.442

Taipjutorus, W., Hansen, S., & Brown, M. (2012). Investigating a relationship between learner control and self-efficacy in an online learning environment. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 16(1), 56–69.

Tsai, C. L., Cho, M. H., Marra, R., & Shen, D. (2020). The self-efficacy questionnaire for online learning (SeQoL). Distance Education, 41(4), 472–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1821604

Ucar, H., & yazici bozkaya, M. (2016). Preservice EFL teachers self-efficacy beliefs, orientations and participations in an online learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 6 (4), 15–30.

Wilde, N., & Hsu, A. (2019). The influence of general self-efficacy on the interpretation of vicarious experience information within online learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0158-x

Yang, P.-L. (2016). In-class online discussion activities to enhance efl learners’ english self-efficacy and language learning strategies. ASIAN TEFL: Journal of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.21462/asiantefl.v1i2.16

You, J. W., & Kang, M. (2014). The role of academic emotions in the relationship between perceived academic control and self-regulated learning in online learning. Computers and Education, 77, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.018

Zarei, A.A., & Naghdi, F. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy as predictors of EFL learners’ course performance. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6, 68-80.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v10i2.14773

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


This journal has been viewedtimes.
View full page view stats report here.


All works are licensed under CC-BY

Englisia Journal
© Author(s) 2019.
Published by Center for Research and Publication UIN Ar-Raniry and Department of English Language Education UIN Ar-Raniry.

Indexed by: