From Radical Autonomy to Divine Trust: Rethinking Human Freedom through Sartre and Tawhid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22373/substantia.v27i1.29533Keywords:
freedom, existentialism, tawhid, responsibility, Sartre, Islamic philosophyAbstract
This article critically examines the concept of human freedom through a comparative analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialism and the Islamic doctrine of tawhid. Employing a qualitative library research method, the study analyzes Sartre’s foundational texts—Being and Nothingness and Existentialism is a Humanism—alongside key Islamic philosophical and theological sources. Sartre views human freedom as absolute and burdened with self-definition in the absence of divine authority, leading to anxiety, alienation, and moral subjectivism. In contrast, Islam situates freedom within the framework of divine will (qada’ and qadar), viewing it as a trust (amanah) exercised under God’s guidance and evaluated through moral accountability. Through four key themes—ontological freedom, responsibility, divine will, and moral implication—the study demonstrates that while Sartre articulates the existential depth of human autonomy, the Islamic worldview offers a more coherent and ethically sustainable model of freedom. This integrated understanding grounds freedom in spiritual purpose, communal responsibility, and the moral agency of the individual. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji tentang konsep kebebasan manusia melalui analisis perbandingan antara eksistensialisme Jean-Paul Sartre dan doktrin tawhid dalam Islam. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif berbasis studi pustaka, kajian ini menganalisis teks-teks utama Sartre—Being and Nothingness dan Existentialism is a Humanism—bersama sumber-sumber filsafat dan teologi Islam klasik maupun kontemporer. Sartre memandang kebebasan manusia sebagai sesuatu yang absolut dan menuntut definisi diri sepenuhnya dalam ketiadaan otoritas ilahi, yang pada akhirnya melahirkan kecemasan, keterasingan, dan moralitas yang subjektif. Sebaliknya, Islam menempatkan kebebasan dalam kerangka kehendak ilahi (qada’ dan qadar), sebagai amanah yang dijalankan di bawah bimbingan Tuhan dan dipertanggungjawabkan secara moral. Melalui empat tema utama—ontologi kebebasan, tanggung jawab, kehendak Tuhan, dan implikasi moral—studi ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Sartre berhasil mengartikulasikan kedalaman eksistensial dari kebebasan manusia, pandangan Islam menawarkan model kebebasan yang lebih koheren dan berkelanjutan secara etis. Pemahaman yang terintegrasi ini menempatkan kebebasan dalam tujuan spiritual, tanggung jawab sosial, dan agensi moral individu.References
Al-Farabi. Kitab Al-Millah Wa Nusus Ukhra. Cet. 2. Bairut: Dar Al-Mashriq, 1991.
———. Kitab Ara’ Ahl Al-Mainah Al-Fadilah. Cet. 4. Bairut: Dar al-Mashriq, 1986.
Amanda Sephira Nuraini, Billy Ramadhan, Iin Ulfa Royani, Indra Hadi Kurniawan, Muthia Nur Qur’aini, Salsa Sabila Firmansyah Qinthara, and Rika Widawati. “Membedah Konsep Takdir Dalam Aqidah Islam: Antara Ketentuan Ilahi Dan Kebebasan Manusia.” Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pendidikan Agama Islam 2, no. 4 (2024): 339–49. https://doi.org/10.61132/jmpai.v2i4.412.
Anggrayni, Rosnita Siregar, Satria Parwira, and Herlini Puspika Sari. “Filsafat Eksistensialisme Dalam Perspektif Islam” 03, no. 03 (2024): 23–34.
Faesal, Moh. “Konsep Ukhuwah Dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an Dan Relevansinya Dalam Kehidupan Bermasyarakat.” Jurnal Al Irfani Ilmu Al Qur an Dan Tafsir 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.51700/irfani.v3i1.336.
Fuad Hassan. Berkenalan Dengan Eksistensialisme. Jakarta: DuniaPustakaJaya, 1992.
Hadiwijiono Harun. Sari Sejarah Filsafat Barat 2. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1992.
Ibn Miskawaih. Tahzib Al-Akhlaq. Edited by Syekh Hasan Tamir and Mahdawi. Bairut, 1398.
Indonesia, Ministry of Religious Affairs Republic of. The Qur’an. Jakarta: Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur’an, 2019.
Iqbal, Muhammad. The Secrets of The Self (Asrar-i Khudi). Edited by Reynold A. Nicholson. London: Mac Millan And Co, 1920.
Juwaini, Juwaini, Syamsul Rijal, Aminudin Basir @ Ahmad, Harjoni Desky, Moh Tamtowi, and Cut Siska Safira. “Ibn Miskawaih’s Ethical Philosophy and Its Relevance to Moral Education in Indonesian Secondary Schools.” Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 13, no. 1 (2025): 695–720.
Kaelan. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Bidang Filsafat. Paradigma, 2005.
Madkour, Ibrahim. Aliran Dan Teori Filsafat Islam. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2009.
Muhmidayeli, Muhmidayeli. “KEBEBASAN DAN TANGGUNGJAWAB MORAL: Analisis Filosofis Pencarian Pembenaran Nilai Moral Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Normativitas Agama.” Al-Fikra : Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman 7, no. 2 (2017): 240. https://doi.org/10.24014/af.v7i2.3792.
Muslih M Kholid. Worldview Islam: Pembahasan Tentang Konsep-Konsep Penting Dalam Islam. Ponorogo: UNIDAGontorPress, 2018.
Muzairi. “Kebebasan Manusia Dan Konflik.” ESENSIA XIII (January 2012).
Nasution, Harun. Islam Rasional. Bandung: Mizan, 1996.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness; A Phenomenological Essay On Ontology. Edited by Hazel E. Barnes. Washington: Square Press, 1992.
Sartre Jean P. Being and Nothingness. Edited by Hazel E Barnes. NewYork: ThePhilosophical, 1956.
———. Eksistensialisme Dan Humanisme. Edited by Murtanto Yudhi. Yogyakarta: PustakaPelajar, 2002.
———. Existentialism Is a Humanism. Edited by Carol Macomber. YaleUniversityPress, 2007.
———. Existentialism Is Humanism. Edited by Mainet Philip. London: MeutheunCo, 1960.
Surahmad, Winarno. Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah. Bandung: Tarsito, 1994.
Suseno Frans Magnis. Menalar Tuhan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2006.
Syari’ati Ali. Tugas Cendekiawan Muslim. Edited by Rais M Amien. Jakarta: Rajawali, 1987.
T.Z Lavine. From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophy Quest. Edited by Iswanto Andi and Utama Deddy A. Yogyakarta: Immortal Publishing and Octopus, 2020.
Taylor, Paul W. “Introduction; Intrinsic Value.” In Problem of Moral Philosophy. California: Dickenson Publishing Company. Inc., 1967.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).